Ethnicity
Lawyers (percentage)
Members of Parliament (percentage)
Chinese
3.1
East Indians
—
Jews
7.1
Sy rians
—
White and light
38.8
10
Olive
10.2
13
Light brown
17.3
19
Dark brown
10.2
39
Black
5.1
10
Unknown
8.2
Look at the extraordinary advantage that their little bit of whiteness gave the colored minority.
Having an ancestor who worked in the house and not in the fields, who got full civil rights in 1826,
who was valued instead of enslaved, who got a shot at meaningful work instead of being consigned to
the sugarcane fields, made all the difference in occupational success two and three generations later.
Daisy Ford’s ambition for her daughters did not come from nowhere, in other words. She was the
inheritor of a legacy of privilege. Her older brother Rufus, with whom she went to live as a child,
was a teacher and a man of learning. Her brother Carlos went to Cuba and then came back to Jamaica
and opened a garment factory. Her father, Charles Ford, was a produce wholesaler. Her mother, Ann,
was a Powell, another educated, upwardly mobile colored family—and the same Powells who would
two generations later produce Colin Powell. Her uncle Henry owned property. Her grandfather John
—the son of William Ford and his African concubine—became a preacher. No less than three
members of the extended Ford family ended up winning Rhodes Scholarships. If my mother owed W.
M. MacMillan and the rioters of 1937 and Mr. Chance and her mother, Daisy Ford, then Daisy owed
Rufus and Carlos and Ann and Charles and John.
4.
My grandmother was a remarkable woman. But it is important to remember that the steady upward
path upon which the Fords embarked began with a morally complicated act: William Ford looked
upon my great-great-great-grandmother with desire at a slave market in Alligator Pond and purchased
her.
The slaves who were not so chosen had short and unhappy lives. In Jamaica, the plantation
owners felt it made the most sense to extract the maximum possible effort from their human property
while the property was still young—to work their slaves until they were either useless or dead—and
then simply buy another round at the market. They had no trouble with the philosophical contradiction
of cherishing the children they had with a slave and simultaneously thinking of slaves as property.
Thomas Thistlewood, the plantation owner who cataloged his sexual exploits, had a lifelong
relationship with a slave named Phibbah, whom, by all accounts, he adored, and who bore him a son.
But to his “field” slaves, he was a monster, whose preferred punishment for those who tried to run
away was what he called “Derby’s dose.” The runaway would be beaten, and salt pickle, lime juice,
and bird pepper would be rubbed into his or her open wounds. Another slave would defecate into the
mouth of the miscreant, who would then be gagged for four to five hours.
It is not surprising, then, that the brown-skinned classes of Jamaica came to fetishize their
lightness. It was their great advantage. They scrutinized the shade of one another’s skin and played the
color game as ruthlessly in the end as the whites did. “If, as often happens, children are of different
shades of color in a family,” the Jamaican sociologist Fernando Henriques once wrote:
the most lightly colored will be favored at the expense of the others. In adolescence, and until
marriage, the darker members of the family will be kept out of the way when the friends of the
fair or fairer members of the family are being entertained. The fair child is regarded as raising
the color of the family and nothing must be put in the way of its success, that is in the way of a
marriage which will still further raise the color status of the family. A fair person will try to
sever social relations he may have with darker relatives… the darker members of a Negro
family will encourage the efforts of a very fair relative to “pass” for White. The practices of
intra-family relations lay the foundation for the public manifestation of color prejudice.
My family was not immune to this. Daisy was inordinately proud of the fact her husband was
lighter than she was. But that same prejudice was then turned on her: “Daisy’s nice, you know,” her
mother-in-law would say, “but she’s too dark.”
One of my mother’s relatives (I’ll call her Aunt Joan) was also well up the color totem pole. She
was “white and light.” But her husband was what in Jamaica is called an “Injun”—a man with a dark
complexion and straight, fine black hair—and their daughters were dark like their father. One day,
after her husband had died, she was traveling on a train to visit her daughter, and she met and took an
interest in a light-skinned man in the same railway car. What happened next is something that Aunt
Joan told only my mother, years later, with the greatest of shame. When she got off the train, she
walked right by her daughter, disowning her own flesh and blood, because she did not want a man so
light-skinned and desirable to know that she had borne a daughter so dark.
In the 1960s, my mother wrote a book about her experiences. It was entitled Brown Face, Big
Master, the “brown face” referring to herself, and the “big master” referring, in the Jamaican dialect,
to God. At one point, she describes a time just after my parents were married when they were living
in London and my eldest brother was still a baby. They were looking for an apartment, and after a
long search, my father found one in a London suburb. On the day after they moved in, however, the
landlady ordered them out. “You didn’t tell me your wife was Jamaican,” she told my father in a rage.
In her book, my mother describes her long struggle to make sense of this humiliation, to reconcile
her experience with her faith. In the end, she was forced to acknowledge that anger was not an option
and that as a colored Jamaican whose family had benefited for generations from the hierarchy of race,
she could hardly reproach another for the impulse to divide people by the shade of their skin:
I complained to God in so many words: “Here I was, the wounded representative of the negro
race in our struggle to be accounted free and equal with the dominating whites!” And God was
amused; my prayer did not ring true with Him. I would try again. And then God said, “Have
you not done the same thing? Remember this one and that one, people whom you have slighted
or avoided or treated less considerately than others because they were different superficially,
and you were ashamed to be identified with them. Have you not been glad that you are not
more colored than you are? Grateful that you are not black?” My anger and hate against the
landlady melted. I was no better than she was, nor worse for that matter…. We were both
guilty of the sin of self-regard, the pride and the exclusiveness by which we cut some people
off from ourselves.
It is not easy to be so honest about where we’re from. It would be simpler for my mother to
portray her success as a straightforward triumph over victimhood, just as it would be simpler to look
at Joe Flom and call him the greatest lawyer ever—even though his individual achievements are so
impossibly intertwined with his ethnicity, his generation, the particulars of the garment industry, and
the peculiar biases of the downtown law firms. Bill Gates could accept the title of genius, and leave
it at that. It takes no small degree of humility for him to look back on his life and say, “I was very
lucky.” And he was. The Mothers’ Club of Lakeside Academy bought him a computer in 1968. It is
impossible for a hockey player, or Bill Joy, or Robert Oppenheimer, or any other outlier for that
matter, to look down from their lofty perch and say with truthfulness, “I did this, all by myself.”
Superstar lawyers and math whizzes and software entrepreneurs appear at first blush to lie outside
ordinary experience. But they don’t. They are products of history and community, of opportunity and
legacy. Their success is not exceptional or mysterious. It is grounded in a web of advantages and
inheritances, some deserved, some not, some earned, some just plain lucky—but all critical to making
them who they are. The outlier, in the end, is not an outlier at all.
My great-great-great-grandmother was bought at Alligator Pond. That act, in turn, gave her son,
John Ford, the privilege of a skin color that spared him a life of slavery. The culture of possibility
that Daisy Ford embraced and put to use so brilliantly on behalf of her daughters was passed on to her
by the peculiarities of the West Indian social structure. And my mother’s education was the product of
the riots of 1937 and the industriousness of Mr. Chance. These were history’s gifts to my family—and
if the resources of that grocer, the fruits of those riots, the possibilities of that culture, and the
privileges of that skin tone had been extended to others, how many more would now live a life of
fulfillment, in a beautiful house high on a hill?
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