Here is a completely different story from the one suggested by the first table. The first set of test
results made it look like lower-income kids were somehow failing in the classroom. But here we see
plainly that isn’t true. Look at the “Total” column. Over the course of five years of elementary school,
poor kids “out-learn” the wealthiest kids 189 points to 184 points. They lag behind the middle-class
kids by only a modest amount, and, in fact, in one year, second grade, they learn more than the middle-
or upper-class kids.
Next, let’s see what happens if we look just at how reading scores change during summer
vacation.
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