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THEORIES OF PEACEKEEPING 
There is very little literature on the topic of peacekeeping and among the available 
literatures; there are two very obvious gaps; 
i.
Very little has been done to systematically spell out the causal mechanisms through which 
peacekeepers keep peace and; 
ii.
There is very little empirical testing of whether peace is more likely to last after interstate 
wars when peacekeepers are present than when they are absent. 
Conventionally, it is believed that peacekeeping works only "when there is peace to keep" 
in the first place and is totally dependent on the will of the belligerents. However, if this is time 
it still does not specify exactly how peacekeepers enhance the chances of peace. 
Proponents of peacekeeping intervention argue that peacekeeping only works in situations 
where peace is bound to last - i.e. when peace: is an inevitable end. According to them, where 
there is already peace and is completely supported by the belligerents, war is unlikely to resume, 
whether peacekeepers are present or not and therefore proponents of this view feel that 
peacekeeping is unnecessary. 
Peace is thought to be harder to maintain when war ends in a stalemate or compromise than 
when there is a definite victor. However peace that is ushered in with formal peace settlement is 
seen as more stable than that which is as a result of an informal truce. 
Many have argued that identity conflicts are more intractable - i.e. it is harder to maintain 
peace in conflict involving different ethnic or religious groups as opposed to those fought over 


89 
differences in ideology. No doubt, there is evidence that the cost of war often affects the durability 
of peace and longer wars may be followed by a more stable peace. 
Barbara Walter argues that unlike belligerents in interstate wars, contestants in civil wars 
require outside help in the form of third party guarantees in order to reach peace. Walter and 
Goemans are more interested in studying the factors that determine whether peace lasts or falls 
apart. In their studies, the dependent variable is the durations of peace rather than the end of war. 

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