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Fees and Place Attachment
While it has been shown that recreationists commonly express indifference when ques-
tioned about their attitudes toward recreation fees in general (Crompton, 1998; Vogt &
Williams, 1999), other studies have revealed several important factors that may lead to
“non-negative” expressions. These have included past payment history and the price last
paid (Chavez, 1998; McCarville, 1996), recreationists’ perceptions of fairness (McCarville,
Reiling, & White, 1996), and social trust (Winter, Palucki, & Burkhardt, 1999). The impact
of place attachment on fee attitudes has only recently been acknowledged by Williams and
associates in their investigations conducted in the Desolation Wilderness in California. They
suggested, however, that “wilderness” may be a unique recreation experience that merits spe-
cial consideration with respect to user fees (Christensen, Borrie, & Williams, 1998; Fleisher
Trainor & Norgaard, 1999). First, Williams and Watson (1998) found that place dependent
respondents were more accepting of fees, whereas place identity was generally associated
with negative views of fees. They suggested that wilderness users had varying relationships
to the settings they use and these relationships contribute to different views of fees. Also,
Williams, Vogt, and Vittersø (1999) found that more experienced and familiar wilderness
users were less supportive of user fees. Rather than developing support for fees because
they see the benefits, these users appeared cynical about the fee program’s ability to address
problems in wilderness conditions. They also found that past payment history had little
impact on their support for fees, which contrasts previous findings in the leisure literature
(McCarville, 1996). Finally, Vogt and Williams (1999) examined the relationship between
fee attitudes and spending support for day users and campers in the Desolation. Their results
indicated that while there was general support for wilderness use fees, users’ spending pref-
erences were directed at “maintaining” current service provision rather than “improving”
the services offered. Campers were also more supportive of the “maintain” position than
were day users. This result conflicts with contemporary economic and marketing thought
that suggests consumers willingly pay more for improved service provision. Consistent
with the wilderness ethic, however, spending areas that the received strongest support were
“restoration of human damaged sites,” “litter removal,” and “related information provision.”
From these studies it can be construed that recreationists’ approval of fee programs is
contingent on the nature of their relationship with the recreation setting and the intended
purpose of the fee program. Lacking in the leisure literature, however, is a sound, theoret-
ically based explanation of these relationships. It is proposed that social judgment theory
(Sherif & Hovland, 1961) provides a sound conceptual framework for understanding the
complex relationship between attitudes toward recreation fees, place attachment, and the
intended purpose of fee generated revenue.
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