3.3. CONTENT SPECIFICATIONS
One of the essential components of any language teaching program is
sylla-
bus
or
curriculum,
which specifies the
what
or the content of language learn-
ing and teaching. The two terms are often used interchangeably although
they may indicate a hierarchical relationship where curriculum refers
broadly to all aspects of language policy, language planning, teaching
methods, and evaluation measures, whereas syllabus relates narrowly to the
specification of content and the sequencing of what is to be taught. This
section is limited to syllabus as a content-specifier.
3.3.1. Syllabus Characteristics
A well-designed language teaching syllabus seeks mainly (a) to clarify the
aims and objectives of learning and teaching, and (b) to indicate the class-
room procedures the teacher may wish to follow. More specifically, any
TEACHING: INPUT AND INTERACTION
75
syllabus, according to Breen (2001, p. 151), should ideally provide the fol-
lowing:
·
A clear framework of knowledge and capabilities selected to be appro-
priate to overall aims;
·
continuity and a sense of direction in classroom work for teacher and
students;
·
a record for other teachers of what has been covered in the course;
·
a basis for evaluating students’ progress;
·
a basis for evaluating the appropriateness of the course in relation to
overall aims and student needs, identified both before and during the
course;
·
content appropriate to the broader language curriculum, the particu-
lar class of learners, and the educational situation and wider society in
which the course is located.
Of course, the assumption behind this ideal list of syllabus objectives is that
they will enable teaching to become more organized and more effective. In
that sense, a syllabus is more a
teaching
organizer than a
learning
indicator,
although a well-conceived and well-constructed syllabus is supposed to re-
late as closely as possible to learning processes.
But to expect any close connection between teaching design and learn-
ing device is to ignore the role of learner intake factors on intake processes
that we discussed in chapter 2. It is precisely for this reason Corder (1967)
talked about the notion of a “built-in-syllabus” that learners themselves con-
struct based on the language content presented to them and in conjunc-
tion with intake factors and processes. As Corder rightly asserted, the
learner syllabus is organic rather than linear, that is, learners appear to
learn several items simultaneously rather than sequentially retaining some,
rejecting others and reframing certain others. What is therefore needed is a
psycholinguistic basis for syllabus construction.
A well-known work that attempted to determine a possible set of
psycholinguistically valid criteria for syllabus construction was reported by
Manfred Pienemann and his colleagues. In a series of empirical studies,
Pienemann (1984, 1987) investigated the acquisitional sequence of Ger-
man word order rules:
Stage 1: X = canonical order
Romance learners of German as a Second Language (GSL) start out with
a subject–verb–object order as their initial hypothesis about German word
order, for example,
die kinder spielen mit ball
(‘the children play with the ball’).
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CHAPTER 3
Stage 2: X + 1 adverb-preposing
For example,
da kinder spielen
(‘there children play’). This preposing rule
is optional in German. But once this rules is applied, Standard German re-
quires a word order like ‘there play children’ (i.e., inversion).
Stage 3: X + 2 = verb separation
For example,
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