Understanding language teaching: From Method to Postmethod



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(ESL & Applied Linguistics Professional Series) B. Kumaravadivelu - Understanding Language Teaching From Method to Post-Method-Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. (2006)

2. INTRODUCTION
In the previous chapter, I stated that knowing an L2 may be considered as
having linguistic knowledge/ability and pragmatic knowledge/ability re-
quired to use the language with grammatical accuracy and communicative
appropriacy. In the context of classroom-based L2 learning and teaching, it
is the task of the teacher to help learners reach a desired level of linguistic
and pragmatic knowledge/ability that addresses their needs, wants, and sit-
uations. In order to carry out such a task, the teacher should be aware of the
factors and processes that are considered to facilitate L2 development. An
important aspect of L2 development is the conversion of language input
into learner output.
It is widely recognized that there is both a qualitative and a quantitative
mismatch between the language output produced by L2 learners and the
language input they are exposed to. In a seminal paper written nearly four
decades ago, Corder (1967) highlighted this mismatch and made an im-
portant distinction between input and what he called
intake
. Since then,
several attempts have been made (see Gass, 1997, for a review) to explore
the connection between input, intake, and L2 development. Despite nearly
a quarter century of exploration of that connection, we have hardly
reached a clear consensus on the fundamental characteristics of intake,
let alone a cogent understanding of the psycholinguistic processes gov-
erning it—a state of affairs that attests to the complexity of the construct
with which we are wrestling.
Chapter
2
Learning: Factors and Processes
25


In this chapter, I discuss five major constructs that constitute the in-
put–output chain: input, intake, intake factors, intake processes, and out-
put as they relate to adult L2 development in formal contexts, and then
present a revised version of what I have called an
interactive framework of in-
take processes
(Kumaravadivelu, 1994a). I do so by synthesizing theoretical
and empirical insights derived from areas such as second language acquisi-
tion, cognitive psychology, and information processing.

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