Step Response of
RL
Circuit by Solving Differential Equation
10.11
A trivial solution to this equation is
i
L
=
0. We are not interested in that. We recast the above
equation as
di
dt
i
t
L
L
= −
≠
a
;
0
and note the fact that if
i
L
is a function of time, then both sides of this equation will be functions of
time.
Two functions of time can be equal to each other over their entire domain if and only if they are
same kind of functions – they must have same shape when plotted. Hence, we look for functions which
produce a copy (probably scaled versions) of themselves on differentiation.
Sinusoidal function comes to our mind first. But then, we remember that sinusoidal function can
be covered by exponential function with imaginary exponent by Euler’s formula. Hence,
e
g
t
where
g
can be a complex number is a function with the desired property. So we try out
Ae
g
t
, where
A is an
arbitrary
constant, as a possible solution in Eqn. 10.3-5. We get
A e
A e
t
Ae
t
t
t
t
g
a
g a
g
g
g
+
=
+
=
0
0
for all in any interval
for all
(
)
iin any interval
A
=
0 is a trivial solution.
e
g
t
=
0 cannot be a solution since the equation has to be true for all
t.
Therefore,
g
has
to be equal to
-
a
. Thus,
A e
-
a
t
is the solution for the Eqn. 10.3-5 in any given
interval. The differential equation cannot help us in deciding the value of
A. It decides only the value
of exponent in the exponential function. This solution we have arrived at
i.e., A e
-
a
t
is called the
complementary function of the differential equation in Eqn. 10.3-5 and the differential equation with
zero forcing
function is called the homogeneous differential equation.
Now that we have got the function required to enforce compliance
with the current continuity
requirement in the circuit, let us proceed to form the
total solution for
i
L
in series
RL circuit with
step input. There are two intervals over which the particular integral is known. They are (
-∞
,0
-
] and
[0
+
,
∞
). Let the complementary solution that we accept for
t
∈
(
-∞
,0
-
] be
A
-
e
-
a
t
and the complementary
solution that we accept for
t
∈
(
-∞
,0
-
] be
A
+
e
-
a
t
.
i t
A e
R
t
i
t
L
L
for
and
( )
( )
=
+
≥
=
+
−
+
+
a
1
0
0
0
(10.3-6)
The voltage applied to the circuit was zero right from
t
= -∞
up to
t
=
0
-
. Hence, the circuit current
has to remain zero over (
-∞
,0
-
]. Therefore, the amplitude of complementary solution for
t
∈
(
-∞
,0
-
]
has to be chosen as zero,
i.e., A
-
=
0. However, this will mean that there will be a step discontinuity at
t
=
0 in the complementary solution for any non-zero
A
+.
That is precisely what we want. We want the
discontinuity in complementary solution to cancel the discontinuity in particular integral at
t
=
0 and
thereby make inductor current continuous at
t
=
0. Obviously,
A
+
must be chosen as negative of the
size of discontinuous jump in a particular integral. This gives us
A
+
= -
1
/R. Hence, the final solution is
i t
R
e
t
t
L
R
t
L
where
( )
(
);
;
/
=
−
≥
≤
=
=
−
+
−
1
1
0
0
0
1
t
t
a
(10.3-7)
Equation 10.3-7 gives the unit step response (abbreviated as
step response) of current in a series
RL circuit.