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  conduction and Energy transfer Process



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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

1.2.4 
conduction and Energy transfer Process
Consider the steady voltage source with resistive load 
across it shown in Fig. 1.2-2. Five cross-sections (A, B, 
C, D and E) are marked in the figure. Also, the directions 
of positive current flow and electron flow are marked. 
Electrons flow in the counter-clockwise direction in the 
circuit and positive current flows in the clockwise direction.
Consider the volume between the two cross-sections 
marked as B and C in Fig. 1.2-2. There is a surface charge 
distribution on this volume. [It is possible to show by 
employing equations of electromagnetic fields that there 
will be no charge distribution inside the volume in a 
homogeneous conducting substance under steady current 
conditions as well as under quasi-static current conditions. 
Charges will reside only on the surface.] This charge 
distribution remains stationary in time since the non-
electrostatic force within the source of e.m.f. is assumed 
to be steady. Therefore, the amount of charge that crosses 
into the volume through the cross-section B in unit time 
has to be same as the amount of charge that crosses out of the volume through the cross-section C in 
unit time – otherwise the surface charge storage within this volume will change. Hence the current 
through B has to be the same as the current through C. Similar argument for other cross-sections will 
lead us to the conclusion that current through all cross-sections will have same value in this circuit.
The surface charge distribution present throughout the system is stationary. But that does not mean 
that the individual electrons that make this distribution stay put. For instance, a particular electron that 
is part of the current flow after crossing C may cancel a positive surface charge. But that will result in 
an unbalance in the system and another electron will move out from surface and join the current stream 
leaving a positive charge on the surface. Thus, though the identity of individual charges that form the 
surface charge may not be preserved, the surface charge will appear stationary at a macroscopic level.
Consider an electron that is part of the current flow. The electrostatic field is oriented from positive 
terminal to negative terminal inside the source. The non-electrostatic field is oriented from negative 
terminal to positive terminal. When the conduction electron travels from positive terminal to negative 
terminal through the source it gains electrostatic potential energy. The non-electrostatic field does 
positive work to impart this extra potential energy to the electron. The conduction electron then flows 
through connecting wire to the negatively charged terminal of resistor. The electrostatic field inside 
the conductor tries to accelerate it and convert its potential energy into kinetic energy. The electron 
soon transfers its kinetic energy to the lattice through inelastic collisions with atoms. By the time it 
emerges at the positively charged terminal of the resistance, it would have lost all the extra potential 
energy it gained earlier to the lattice. The lattice energy appears as heat in the conductor.
Fig. 1.2-2 

Asteady-current
system–current
throughA,B,C,Dand
Ehavesamevalue
E
I
B
A
C
D
I
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AVoltageSourcewithaResistanceConnectedatitsTerminals

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