7.2
The Sinusoidal Steady-State Response
The energy storage elements –
L and
C –
remember what was done to
them from infinite past to
the current instant. Their ability to
remember can be understood in terms of an inductor’s ability to
store flux linkage and a capacitor’s ability to store charge. Alternatively, their memory-capability can be
understood in terms of the inductor’s capability to store magnetic energy and capacitor’s capability to
store electrostatic energy.
A circuit that contains
memory-elements can produce a response that can have a different kind of
time-variation compared to the time-variation of input source functions. For instance, if there is only
one source and that varies as sin
w
t, the response variables can be of sin(
w
t
+
q
) type – that is, response
can contain cos
w
t. If there is only one source and that is a square wave of a particular frequency, the
response variables need not be square waves at all. In fact, they will assume quite complicated shapes
in practice – but they will be periodic waveforms with same period as that of input square wave in the
case of
linear dynamic circuits.
In general, the response of a dynamic circuit
to application of input at t
=
0 will contain two
components – the natural response component and the forced response component. The total response
at any instant after
t
=
0 is a mixture of the two. The natural response component represents the reaction
of
inertia in the circuit against the compelling input source function. There is inertia in the circuit since
there is
memory in the circuit.
Memory brings about
resistance to
change. The circuit adjusts its natural
response component in such a way that no inductors and no capacitors are required to change their
initial energy storage suddenly as a result of application of input. The natural response terms in a stable
circuit usually die down with time. They are called transient response terms due to this. Only the forced
response remains after the transient response terms die down to zero. Under this circumstance, the
forced response is called the steady-state response
if the notion of steady-state is applicable in relation
to the input. The notion of
steady-state is applicable only if input function possesses some aspects that
remain steady in time.
Sinusoidal steady-state
in a dynamic circuit is that state when all the response variables
(
i.e.,
all element currents and element voltages) contain
just one component with a
sinusoidal waveshape
with the frequency same as that of the sinusoidal forcing function
applied.
Sinusoidal steady-state, like any other steady-state, can come up in a circuit only after the circuit
goes through the transient period that follows the application of sources.
The transient period is
deemed to have completed when all
the transient response terms, which usually have waveshape
different from the
applied sinusoidal function, have died down to negligible levels.
The next section attempts to provide an overview of transient response of circuits in order to set a
background for taking up the study of sinusoidal steady-state. All the topics briefly touched upon in that
section will be taken up in great detail in later chapters on time-domain analysis of dynamic circuits.
The aim of the next section is only to place the sinusoidal steady-state in the correct perspective.
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