The Capacitor
3.37
(ii) The power delivered by the current source will be given by the product of
v
C
(
t) and
i
S
(
t). It will
have a waveform containing straight-line segments since
v
C
(
t) contains straight-line segments and
the waveform of
i
S
(
t) is a symmetric rectangular pulse waveform. The power waveform is shown in
Fig. 3.5-4 (c). The power delivered by the source alternates between positive and negative values.
Energy delivered by the current source is given by the running integral of power waveform
from 0
+
. The waveform of delivered energy is shown in Fig. 3.5-4 (d). It is always positive.
(iii) The capacitor is delivering energy to the current source when the
power delivered by the current
source shows a negative value.
Hence, during [2
+
,4
-
] and [6
+
,8
-
] (values indicating time in ms) time intervals the capacitor
delivers energy to the current source.
(iv) The capacitor had an initial voltage of 0V and it ends up with 0V. Therefore, the net
change
in stored energy of capacitor is zero. There is no other element in the circuit that can store or
dissipate energy. Hence, the net energy delivered by the current source also must be zero.
The capacitor in this example started with zero voltage initially. Hence, the initial energy stored in it
is zero. Capacitors can only store energy and they can not generate or dissipate energy. They can store
energy temporarily and give it back to other elements later. Therefore, energy function of a capacitor is
always zero or positive-valued. An electrical element with an energy function,
E t
v t i t dt
t
( )
( ) ( )
=
−∞
∫
that
is
≥
0 for all
t is called a
passive element and capacitor is one such passive element.
A capacitor can give back more energy to a source than it received from it, even temporarily, only
if it already had some energy in store before the source started acting on it. In this example,
C had no
such initial energy. Hence, the source can not receive more than what it gave. Therefore, the value of
energy delivered by the source will never be negative in this circuit.
v
C
(
t
) (V)
t
(ms)
(a)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8
6
4
2
i
S
(
t
) (A)
t
(ms)
(b)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3
–3
p
(
t
) (W)
t
(ms)
(c)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
18
9
–9
–18
E
(
t
) (mJ)
t
(ms)
(d)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
18
–18
Fig. 3.5-4
Waveforms for Example 3.5-2: (a) capacitor voltage (b) capacitor current
(c) power delivered by source (d) energy delivered by source
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