3.40
Single Element Circuits
with an area content equal to the
change in charge required. The change in stored charge required
here is 100V
×
1000
m
F
=
100mC. Therefore, the current that flows in the circuit will be 0.1
d
(
t).
(ii) The voltage across capacitor was zero till
t
=
0
-
. It will be 100V at and after
t
=
0
+
. It is
discontinuous at
t
=
0.
v t
t
undefined
t
t
C
( )
=
=
=
≥
−
+
0
0
0
100
0
for
for
for
We will be tempted to write this as
v
C
(
t)
=
100
u(
t) where
u(
t) is the unit step function. But we
do not know the capacitor voltage before
t
=
0
-
. So we can not express it that way.
(iii) Energy delivered by the source
=
Voltage
×
Charge transported across the voltage
=
100V
×
0.1C
=
10 J. It can also be calculated as the area under the power waveform. The power delivered as a
function of time is 100
×
0.1
d
(
t)
=
10
d
(
t). Area under this waveform is 10 J.
(iv) Energy stored in the capacitor
=
0.5
×
0.001F
×
(100V)
2
=
5 J.
(v) Energy delivered by the source and energy stored in the capacitor are not equal. The source delivered
5J extra. This is a circuit in which the ‘capacitance’ model for a physical capacitor is not adequate. A
physical capacitor is a physical device that is represented by the mathematical model of ‘capacitance’.
This model is only a first level model that ignores the second level details of the physical device. Any
electrical element will have all the three effects – resistance, capacitance and inductance – involved
in it. Therefore, a capacitor has resistance and inductance associated with it. The resistance of metal
foil used in the capacitor and the resistance of connecting leads contribute a series resistor to the
model of capacitor. Leakage of current through the imperfect insulator used as the dielectric in the
capacitor contributes a shunt resistor in the second level model for a capacitor. And the magnetic
flux produced within the capacitor when current flows in its leads and foil contribute an inductance
too. Thus a more accurate model for a physical capacitor is as shown in Fig. 3.5-7 (b). R
se
is usually
in m
W
range, R
sh
is usually in k
W
– M
W
range and L
se
is in nH –
m
H range.
We will see in a later chapter that this more detailed model will predict transient currents and
voltages which oscillate at a high frequency when a DC voltage is suddenly switched on to an
uncharged capacitor. The two resistors that are invariably present in any physical capacitor will take
care of the extra energy delivered by the voltage source – they dissipate it.
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