Praise belongs to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon our master Muhammad



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Imam Abu Hanifa

The History of Baghdad
from Zafar: 
“Abu Hanifa made strong public statements in the time of Ibrahim. I told him, ‘By Allah, you are in his favour 
so spare the ropes from our necks.’ It was not long before a letter came from al-Mansur to ‘Isa ibn Musa 
ordering him to take Abu Hanifa to Baghdad. He lived for only fifteen days after that.” 
As Ibrahim was killed in 145 AH, he could not have been taken directly following that since five years had 
passed. History books often contain errors of this sort and it is necessary to exercise caution about accepting 
them. 
After the ‘Alawite opposition to al-Mansur and his persecution of them and execution of their leaders, Abu 
Hanifa was not pleased with his rule. He was able to avert any harm from himself and directed himself to the 
path of knowledge. But from time to time he would make certain statements or things were revealed about his 
opinion of al-Mansur and his government. We will mention two instances which aroused al-Mansur’s 
suspicions about him. 
One is when the people of Mosul rebelled against al-Mansur. Al-Mansur imposed a condition on them 
which stated that if they rebelled, their blood was lawful for him. So al-Mansur gathered the 
fuqaha’
including 
Abu Hanifa and said, “Is it not true that the Messenger of Allah said, ‘Believers are those who abide by their 
preconditions’? The people of Mosul accepted a condition that they would not rebel against me. They have 
rebelled against my governor and so their blood is lawful for me.” A man said, “Your hand is extended over 
them and your word is accepted among them. If you pardon, pardon befits you. If you punish, it is according 
to what they deserve.”
He asked Abu Hanifa, “What do you say, shaykh? Do we not have the khalifate of the Prophet and a house 
of security?” He said, “You imposed on them a precondition which they were incapable of fulfilling and you 
stipulated for them something which is not within your right. The blood of a Muslim is only lawful on account 
of one of three things. If you take them, you take what is not lawful. The precondition of Allah has more right 
to be observed.” Al-Mansur commanded that the session be ended and they dispersed. Then he called him and 


said, “Shaykh, the position is as you stated. Go to your city but do not give people a 
fatwa
which will disgrace 
your ruler and extend the domain of the Kharijites.” 
Here is what we find in 
al-Kamil
by Ibn al-Athir on the events of 148 AH:
The populace of Hamdan were Shi‘ites and al-Mansur decided to send armies to Mosul and 
annihilate its inhabitants. He summoned Abu Hanifa, Ibn Abi Layla and Ibn Shibrama and told them, 
‘The people of Mosul gave me their word that they would not rebel, and that, if they were to do so, 
then their blood and property would be fair game. They have rebelled.’ Abu Hanifa was silent. The 
two other men said, ‘If you pardon your subjects, you are worthy of that; and if you punish, it is 
because they deserve it.’ He said to Abu Hanifa, ‘I see you are silent, shaykh.’ He replied, ‘Amir al-
Mu’minin, they made a contract they had no right to make. Do you think that if a woman made her 
private parts lawful without a marriage contract or ownership, it would be permitted to have 
intercourse with her?’ ‘No,’ replied the former. ‘No,’ Abu Hanifa continued, ‘So how can it be 
permitted for the people of Mosul ?’ Al-Mansur commanded that Abu Hanifa and his companions 
return to Kufa. (pt. 5, p. 217) 
There are some mistakes in the details of this account – for instance, mentioning Ibn Shibrama as being 
with him on this occasion when the events were in 148 AH whereas Ibn Shibrama died in 144, as Ibn al-Athir 
himself says elsewhere. 
The second incident which showed his view of al-Mansur’s government is when the latter sent him a gift 
to test to see if he would accept and he made an excuse about it. We read in 

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