International Criminal Law
370
(d) the arrest or detention of persons;
(e)
the surrender or the transfer of the accused to the International Tribunal.
Since the ICTY Statute constitutes a Security Council enforcement measure, any order
or request by a Trial Chamber for the surrender and transfer of documents or persons
is
ipso facto
binding.
210
A large number of States have enacted implementing legislation
in order to harmonise their obligations under Art 29 and prepare national
mechanisms to cope with the legal intricacies of possible future requests.
211
Some of
these domestic Acts have been criticised for not offering adequate safeguards and of
permitting for extradition of offences under the ICTY Statute that are not contained
in the criminal law of the extraditing State.
212
These criticisms have no legal basis
since, as Warbrick correctly points out, the obligation of States to surrender accused
persons found on their territory does not amount to extradition.
213
In response to an ICTY subpoena for the production of documents addressed to
Croatia, the latter challenged the Tribunal’s authority to order sovereign States, and
argued that, in any event, requests of this nature must adhere to national channels
of communication and should not jeopardise national security. On appeal, the
Appeals Chamber in the
Blaskic
case admitted that the ICTY possesses enforcement
measures neither under its Statute, nor inherently by its nature as a judicial
institution.
214
It pointed out that, as a general rule, States cannot be ‘ordered’ by other
States or international organisations. The power to ‘order’ under Art 29 of the ICTY
Statute, however, derives its binding force from Chapter VII and Art 25 of the UN
Charter, laying down an
erga omnes
obligation, which every Member of the UN has a
legal interest in fulfilling.
215
After deciding on the legitimacy of addressing binding orders, theAppeals Chamber
next examined the requirements
216
which such subpoena
duces tecum
orders (that is,
for the production of documentary evidence) must satisfy. These were held to be: (a)
the identification of specific documents, rather than categories; (b) justification of the
relevance of requested documents to each trial; (c) avoidance of unduly onerous
requests; and (d) allowance of sufficient time for compliance. Where a State persists to
210
Report of the Secretary General pursuant to Security Council Resolution 808
(1993), UN Doc S/25704 (1993),
paras 125–26.
211 UK UN ICTY Order 1996 SI 1996/716; Australian International War Crimes Tribunals Act No 18
(1995).
212 H Fox, ‘The Objections to Transfer of Criminal Jurisdiction to the UN Tribunal’, 46
ICLQ
(1997), 434,
regarding the
UK’s
1996 SI.
213 C Warbrick, ‘Co-operation with the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia’, 45
ICLQ
(1996),
945, p 950; see R Kushen and KJ Harris, ‘Surrender of Fugitives by the United States to the War
Crimes Tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda’, 90
AJIL
(1996), 510.
214
Prosecutor v Blaskic,
Appeals Judgment on the Request of the Republic of Croatia for Review of the
Decision of Trial Chamber I of 11 July 1997 (
Blaskic
appeals subpoena decision) (29 October 1997)
(1997) 110 ILR 607, para 25.
215
Ibid,
para 26; the ad hoc tribunals have at times found it necessary to go beyond the indicative list of
orders and requests identified in their respective Statutes, such as in the case of ordering all UN members
to freeze former FRY President Milosevic and co-accuseds’ assets abroad.
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