at 27
–
50 °C and cellulose sulfates with DS of 0.10
–
1.50 were obtained
with 1
–
12 mol/mol AGU of SO
3
/Py. Bacterial cellulose sulfate with DS
of 1.23, 1.33 and microcrystalline celluloses with DS of 0.48, 1.06 were
synthesized using 6 and 12 mol/mol AGU of SO
3
/Py, respectively, in
the reaction conducted for 6 h at 27 °C. The authors concluded the
method is unsuitable for preparing SCS with DS values of > 0.6 due to
intensive degradation of the polymer during the reaction
. How-
ever, our current studies showed the high capacity of SO
3
/Py towards
sulfation of cellulose solutions in DMA/LiCl, the possibility of synthe-
sizing cellulose sulfates with diverse DS values and low depolymeriza-
tion of cellulose chain in the reaction.
In the reaction, cellulose samples showed decreases of DP
w
values;
cellulose samples with high starting DP
w
were more sensible for depo-
lymerization than those of with low DP
w
values. In this reaction, the
depolymerization can be induced by various factors. For instance, in the
absence of the sulfating reagent, the depolymerization may occurs with
heating of cellulose solution in DMA/LiCl by the e
ff
ect of reactive in-
termediates
amount of the sulfating reagent mainly causes cellulose backbone to
degradation. This can be explained trace of impurities of the SO
3
/Py
complex used since the reagent was in use but not from a freshly opened
bottle. The complex is extremely hygroscopic and degrades in the
presence of moisture, the commercial or working materials of the
complex very often contain su
ffi
cient amounts of pyridine sulfuric acid
hydrolysis product that is able to bring side reactions
. Under
the high temperature, the pyridine sulfuric acid complex is easily de-
composed to pyridine and sulfuric acid, which can cleavage the gly-
cosidic bonds. Therefore, the water content of the starting materials
such as DMA, LiCl, cellulose or SO
3
/Py can be the reason for the intense
depolymerization of the cellulose chain during the reaction. In the
present study, DMA was of extra dry grade, lithium chloride mono-
hydrate and the cellulosic materials were well dried. In the results,
drastic depolymerization of the cellulose chain was not observed.
Therefore, the main reason for the degradation was assigned to im-
purity or moisture trace of the SO
3
/Py complex used.
The product yield increased with the increasing amount of the
sulfating reagent indicating the successful introduction of the sulfate
group into the cellulose backbone. In the homogenous sulfation, high
producibility of the reaction is expectable since the polysaccharide
e
OH groups are more accessible for the reaction in the homogenous
process. Despite the degradation of the polymer, cellulose sulfates were
obtained with high yield by the reaction. For instance, the sulfated
derivatives were obtained with a yield of 69.4
–
77.8% with the amount
of 6.0 mol/mol AGU of the sulfating reagent. This is due to fact that the
polymer chain does not undergo intense degradation during the sulfa-
tion and the depolymerization produces polymer chains with molecular
weights higher than the pore size of the dialysis membrane (MWCO
1000 g/mol) used for the puri
fi
cation of the product obtained.
Changes in average partial DS values of C-6, C-2 and C-3 carbon
atoms in the AGU with increasing amount of the sulfating reagent are
depicted in
uated by their partial DS values that are derived from the results of
13
C
NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. In the sulfation of the cel-
luloses, C-6 carbon atoms showed almost complete substitution
(average DS
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