Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка для студентов

restrictive
and 
continuative
or 
amplifying clauses
("
defining
" and 
"
non-defining
") This division is however too absolute to cover all patterns.
Restrictive clauses are subordinate in meaning to the clause containing the 
antecedent; continuative clauses are more independent: their contents might often 
be expressed by an independent statement giving some additional information 
about the antecedent that is already sufficiently defined. Continuative clauses may 
be omitted without affecting the precise understanding of the sentence as a whole. 
This is marked by a different intonation, and by a clear break preceding the 
continuative clause, no such break separating a restrictive clause from its 
antecedent. The presence or absence of such a pause is indicated in writing and in 
print by the presence or absence of a comma before as well as after the sub-clause.
4. Clauses of Cause: 

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Clauses of cause are usually introduced by the conjunctions because, since, 
and as and indicate purely causal relations. 
e.g. 
I had to go home since it was getting dark
.
As we have just bought a new house, we cannot afford a new car.
I did not arrive on time because I had missed my bus.
5. Clauses of Place:
Clauses of place do not offer any difficulties of grammatical analysis; they 
are generally introduced by the relative adverb 
where
or by the phrase 
from where, 
to where
, etc.
e.g.: 
He went to the café where he hoped to find his friend.
6. Temporal Clauses:
Temporal clauses can be used to denote two simultaneous actions or states, 
one action preceding or following the other, etc.
e.g. 
When we finished our lunch, we left
.
7. Clauses of Condition:
Conditional sentences can express either a real condition ("open condition") 
or an unreal condition:
If you ask him he will help you (real condition) 
If you asked him, he would help you (unreal condition) 
8. Clauses of Result:
Clauses of result or consequence are characterized by two patterns: 
-
clauses introduced by the conjunction 
that
correlated with the pronoun 
such
or the adverb 
so
in the main clause; 
-
clauses introduced by the phrasal connective 
so that
. 
e.g. 
Suddenly she felt so relieved that she could not help crying.
9. Clauses of Purpose:
Clauses expressing purpose are known to be introduced by the conjunction 
that
or 
lest
and by the phrase 
in order that
.
e.g. 
I avoided mentioning the subject lest he be offended.
10. Clauses of Concession:

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The following types of concessive clauses are clauses that give information 
about the circumstances despite or against which what is said in the principal 
clause is carried out:
e.g. 
I went to the party, though I did not feel like it.
11. Clauses of Manner and Comparison:
Sub-clauses of manner and comparison characterize the action of the 
principal clause by comparing it to some other action.
e.g. 
She was nursing the flower, as a mother nurses her child.