Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка для студентов

conjunctions
: 
when, after, before, 
while, till, until, though, although, that, as, because
; a number of 
fixed phrases
performing the same function: 
as soon as, as long as, so long as, notwithstanding 
that, in order that, according as, etc
.; 
conjunctive words
: the relative pronouns 
who, which, that, whoever, whatever, whichever
, and the relative adverbs 
where, 
how, whenever, wherever, however, why,
etc. 
In complex sentences, traditionally, the main and the subordinate clause are 
singled out. There can be different approaches to classifying subordinate clauses. 
One is based on the correlation of subordinate clauses to sentence members. Here 
subjective, predicative, objective, attributive and adverbial clauses are 
differentiated. According to correlation of subordinate clauses to parts of speech, 
the following types of subordinate clauses are identified: substantive (the 
subjective, predicative and objective clauses in the preceding classification), 
adverbial and adjectival (attributive). There is a certain correlation between the two 
classifications, which is quite expected since there is a certain connection between 
a word’s belonging to a part of speech and its syntactic functions.
The following types of subordinate clauses are usually differentiated based 
on the semantic relations between the principal and the subordinate clause: 
1. Subject and Predicate Clauses: 

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A subject clause may contain either a statement or a question. In the former 
case it is preceded by 
that
: in the latter it is introduced by the same words as 
interrogative object clauses. 
e.g. 
That she wants to help us is beyond any doubt. 
When he is coming has not been decided yet.
Commoner that the patterns with the initial that are sentences introduced by 
it
, with the 
that
-clause in end-position.
e.g. 
It is clear that he will never agree to it.
2. Object Clauses: 
The simplest case of such clauses are patterns in which a sub-clause can be 
replaced by a noun which could be then an object in a simple sentence.
e.g. 
I know what she wants.
You can take whatever you like. 
3. Attributive Clauses
Like attributive adjuncts in a simple sentence, attributive clauses qualify the 
thing denoted by its head word through some actions, state or situation in which 
the thing is involved.
It has been customary to make distinction between two types of attributive 
sub-clauses: