The Interplay of Synonymy and Polysemy



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Bog'liq
thesis

 
Figure 8. 
Links relating the 
THROWING
schema to the 
LOOKS
,
SOUNDS 
and 
HITS
schemas 
 
Let’s label the schemas under discussion the 
LOOKS

SOUNDS
and 
HITS
constructions. 
In all three cases, there is an 
INITIATOR
which is the same as the 
INITIATOR 
in the central 
THROWING 
schema (The link shown by (a)). In a throwing event, the 
INITIATOR
is the source 
of energy and it is also an entity that moves its body in a certain way to cause motion of an 
object. When looking, the 
INITIATOR
also moves its body (in this case the eyes and face) to 
cause an action of looking. The same is true for speaking and hitting: the 
INITIATOR 
moves his 
body and uses his physical abilities to cause the action.
The schemas also share the same type of 
DIRECTIONAL
as the 
THROWING 
schema 
(shown in (b)).
Since looks, sounds and hits are conceived of as traveling through space,
they 
travel in certain directions. The 
DIRECTIONAL
of the 
THROWING
schema can be a person or a 
place where the 
MOVANT
goes to. The 
DIRECTIONAL
in the 
LOOKS
,
SOUNDS
, and 
HITS
schemas 
also represents the place or person where these nonphysical entities are moving to. Even if 
the 
MOVANT
does not literally move, it is conceived of as moving to the 
DIRECTIONAL
.
There is an extension relation from the 
MOVANT
to the different nonphysical elements 
(link (c)). Neither sounds, nor looks, nor hits are elements which can be handled and thrown 
in a physical sense. Of course, they all still involve physical motion of some sort, especially 
hitting which includes the motion of the arm in a punching event, for example. Looks and 
sounds and hits are conceived of as entities which travel through space from a source to a 
destination, similar, though not identical to a 
MOVANT 
in the 
THROWING 
schema.
The 
SOUNDS
,
LOOKS
and 
HITS
schemas are extensions from the 
THROWING
schema 
(link (d)). They include the same type of first argument (the 
INITIATOR
) and the same final 
argument (the 
DIRECTIONAL
). The extension relation and the extension in meaning is due to 
the differences in the type of entity that undergoes (or is conceived of as undergoing) motion.
I
NITIATOR
T
HROW
M
OVANT
D
IRECTIONAL
I
NITIATOR
T
HROW
looks/sounds/hits 
D
IRECTIONAL
d) 
a) 
b) 
c) 


79 | 
Two further examples of LVCs can be highlighted: one occurring with 
echar 
and 
another with 
lanzar.
Echar
combines with the noun 
culpa
‘blame’ to mean ‘to place the 
blame’.
(83) ¿quién le aseguraba que no le 
ECHARÍAN
la culpa? 
(CdE:19-F, Bazar de cuentos) 
‘Who would assure him that they wouldn’t 
PLACE
the blame on him’ 
(CdE:19-OR, Habla Culta: Buenos Aires:...) 
(84) …les 
ECHO
- - - la culpa de una política que han seguido… 
‘I 
PLACE
the blame on them for the policy they have followed.’
In these sentences, the subject is the one who is understood as transferring this blame 
to another individual. The 
BLAMER 
is an extension from an 
INITIATOR
.
It does not necessarily 
involve physical action; blaming someone can involve speaking or simply thinking. But it is 
the source of the blame. The second argument 
BLAME
is conceptualized as an object that can 
be transferred. In fact, throughout Spanish, blame is understood as an object, which can not 
only be transferred, but held and owned.
(85) 
La culpa es mía 
the blame is mine 
‘It’s my fault’
(86) 
Yo tengo la culpa 
I have the blame 
‘I am to blame’
The final argument is the 
BLAMED
.
In a throwing event, the 
DIRECTIONAL 
is usually a 
person or a place, but always a physical entity. But blame can be transferred or given to a 
person, but also to a situation or an event. For that reason it is an extension from the 
DIRECTIONAL 
in a throwing event.

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