62
Evolution of Satellite Communication
a unique pay TV package, SKY developed a loyal customer base. The officially
mandated U.K. DTH operator, BSB, did not get off the ground until 1989. The
prestigious backers of BSB included Pearson, owners of the
Financial Times
, and
Reed and Granada Television, famous in the United States for the excellent dramatic
series shown on the Public Broadcasting System. The U.K. government awarded
BSB the WARC-77 assignments, requiring also that they adopt the D-multiplexed
analog components (D-MAC) transmission standard that had been mandated by
the European Commission. The ensuing delay in getting its DTH platform, generally
regarded as technically superior to that of Sky, off the ground proved to be fatal
to the business prospects of BSB. On November 2, 1990, BSB and Sky merged to
form British Sky Broadcating (B-Sky-B). The combined service was directed by
News Corporation, which held a 40% interest in the company. Subsequently,
B-Sky-B reached a high degree of acceptance in the United Kingdom and became
a very successful business in financial terms.
DTH systems in Asia were centered in two markets: Japan and East Asia. The
Japanese approach to DTH is best illustrated by the efforts of NHK to establish
early preeminence in the field. Two other Japanese DTH operators, PerfecTV and
DIRECTV Japan, entered the market using FSS Ku-band transponders supplied
by JSAT and SCC, respectively. These operators subsequently merged to form
SkyPerfecTV. The rest of Asia was to be the broadcasting domain of Richard Lee
and his company Satellite Television for the Asia Region (STAR). That venture
rode along with AsiaSat 1 when it was launched in 1991. STAR assembled a
package of Hong Kong–developed programming channels in English and Mandarin
Chinese, along with imported programming from the BBC and U.S. movie studios.
The target was primarily the C-band DTH market, which could be developed
within the AsiaSat 1 footprint. Richard Lee was definitely the starter-upper, but
what really made him famous was the sale of the entire operation and licenses to
Rupert Murdoch for over $600 million. The finances of the service were based
on advertisers. STAR has shown that there is indeed a place for pan-regional
programming and for packages targeted to the attractive country markets.
The main thrust of the News Corp purchase of STAR was to obtain a foothold
in the expansive Chinese TV market. However, building a TV business inside the
People’s Republic of China has remained an extremely difficult task. The national
TV scene is dominated by state-run China Central Television (CCTV), which
also broadcasts on an international basis. Others have offered programming in
Mandarin Chinese on a free-to-air basis. The challenge in China, as it is in India,
is to build a pay TV business that would grow as the respective economies. A
number of Chinese satellite companies have proposed and subsequently launched
Ku-band satellites. It is hoped that one or more of these will be able to establish
a viable DTH business.
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