Figure 2.7
U.S. domestic satellite footprint coverage in C-band (99
°
WL).
50
Evolution of Satellite Communication
John Puente, another famous satellite entrepreneur, Orion had a slow beginning.
Like PanAmSat, Orion selected the AOR market and the strategy of gaining market
access in the United States and the United Kingdom. Orion chose to build the
company as a joint venture with British Aerospace (BAe) and thereby obtained
access to spacecraft technology and funding. Orion contracted with BAe for two
satellites but completed only the purchase of Orion 1, launched in November 1994.
Orion contracted with Space Systems/Loral for a second satellite, and the
company was subsequently acquired by Loral. The Orion assets were combined
with those of the Telstar system, discussed later in this chapter, to form Loral
Skynet. The second Orion satellite was launched in October 1999 and later renamed
Telstar 12.
2.2.2
Regional Coverage: EUTELSAT and SES
International systems, notably INTELSAT, were created to meet long-haul require-
ments for telecommunications transmission. Because the satellites must provide
broad coverage, they typically are not optimized to the needs of particular countries
or affiliated groups of countries. The first to do this on significant scale were the
Western European countries, in the formation of EUTELSAT. The parallels with
INTELSAT are clear, including the basic strategy of a space segment cooperative
whose members provide their own Earth stations.
The EUTELSAT project appeared in 1977 as a regional provider along Euro-
pean lines, including the focus for development of the indigenous manufacturing
base. The first EUTELSAT satellite was launched in 1983 by the European Space
Agency (ESA). The organization was formally established as an operating company
in 1985 with an initial membership of 17 Western European countries. Its first
director general was Andrea Caruso, a well-recognized figure in INTELSAT circles.
With the opening of Eastern Europe, EUTELSAT grew remarkably and the member-
ship included Bulgaria, Estonia, Kazakhstan, and Slovenia. In time, EUTELSAT
has become the leading provider of satellite capacity over the now-extended Europe.
This role is extremely vital to a wide range of public and private users. Like
INTELSAT, EUTELSAT was a treaty organization that operates like an intergovern-
mental body. The official government members, called Parties, met once a year in
an Assembly of Parties to make decisions on long-term objectives.
And like Intelsat, EUTELSAT has made a rather smooth transition to a purely
commercial company with private investor and public ownership. Under the leader-
ship of Giuliano Berretta, Chairman of the Board–CEO, EUTELSAT was trans-
formed into a competitive and commercial organization that ranks as number
three in terms of global satellite operators. Through the 2005 IPO, EUTELSAT
Communications stock is listed on the Paris Stock Exchange (ticker symbol ETL).
A completely commercial satellite company called Socie´te´ Europe´ene des Sate´l-
lites (SES) was established in 1985 in Luxembourg. Modeled after the Hughes
Galaxy system (described later in this chapter), SES sought to create a focal point
for the distribution of satellite TV throughout Europe. It began in 1988 with the
launch of Astra 1A into the 19.2
°
E Luxembourg orbit slot to become the distribution
point for the Sky TV services in the United Kingdom.
2.2
Evolving Satellite Coverage
51
Subsequently, SES added six more Ku-band GEO satellites to complete the
plan shown in Figure 1.8, effectively providing enough TV transponder capacity
for the entire region. Two major acquisitions boosted SES into one of the world’s
largest operators: Americom, the U.S. company started by RCA and sold to SES
by GE; and New Skies, the spinoff from INTELSAT that SES purchased through
a stock transaction.
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