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Conclusions to Chapter one
In this chapter we discussed the theoretical background of metaphor in
English and Uzbek investigated by several linguists and scholars. We glanced at
types of metaphor according to its several categories and provided them with
relevant examples. Furthermore, in this chapter we discussed the notions like
‘concept’ and ‘conceptual analysis’, as in the next chapters we’ll do conceptual
analysis of metaphors with mentality components.
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CHAPTER TWO. CONTRIBUTION OF MENTALITY WHILE FORMING
METAPHOR
2.1.
Universality and discrepancy of metaphors with the elements of
mentality
Are there any conceptual metaphors that can be found in all languages and
cultures? This is an extremely difficult question to answer, considering that there
are more than 4,000 languages spoken currently around the world. The best bet to
begin to understand this issue is to look at some conceptual metaphors that one can
find in some language and then check whether the same metaphors exist in
typologically very different languages. If they do occur, it can be set up a
hypothesis that they may be universal. With this research, Kovecses says, they can
then verify or disprove the universality of these metaphors. He made clever
position and chose several languages to compare. We would like illustrate his
findings, as they are of vital importance.
The author begins with some metaphors for happiness in English.[21;163]
BEING HAPPY IS BEING OFF THE GROUND
BEING HAPPY IS BEING IN HEAVEN
HAPPY IS UP
HAPPINESS IS LIGHT
HAPPINESS IS VITALITY
HAPPINESS IS A FLUID IN A CONTAINER
HAPPINESS IS A CAPTIVE ANIMAL
HAPPINESS IS AN OPPONENT
HAPPINESS IS A RAPTURE
A HAPPY PERSON IS AN ANIMAL (THAT LIVES WELL)
HAPPINESS IS A PLEASURABLE PHYSICAL SENSATION
HAPPINESS IS INSANITY
HAPPINESS IS A NATURAL FORCE
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Of these, three are especially important for conceptualizing happiness in
English: the metaphors that employ the concepts of up, light, and fluid in a
container. In a study, the Chinese linguist Ning Yu checked whether these
metaphors also exist in the conceptualization of happiness in Chinese. He found
that they all do. Here are some examples that he described:
(Ning Yu used the following grammatical abbreviations: PRT = particle;
ASP = aspect marker; MOD = modifier marker; COM = complement
marker;
CL = classifier; BA = preposition ba in the so-called fotf-sentences.)
HAPPY IS UP
Ta hen gao-xing.
he very high-spirit
He is very high-spirited/happy.
Ta xing congcong de.
he spirit rise-rise PRT
His spirits are rising and rising./He's pleased and excited.
Zhe-xia tiqi le wo-de xingzhi.
this-moment raise ASP my mood
This time it lifted my mood/interest.
HAPPINESS IS LIGHT
Tamen gege xing-gao cai-lie.
they everyone spirit-high color-strong
They're all in high spirits and with a strong glow/They're all in great
delight.
Ta xiao zhu yan kai.
he smile drive color beam
He smiled, which caused his face to beam./He beamed with a smile.
HAPPINESS IS A FLUID IN A CONTAINER
Ta xin-zhong chongman xiyue.
he heart-inside fill happiness
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His heart is filled with happiness.
Ta zai-ye anna-buzhu xin-zhong de xiyue.
she no-longer press-unable heart-inside MOD happiness
She could no longer contain the joy in her heart.
It appears that the same metaphors also occur in Hungarian:
HAPPY IS UP
Ez a film feldobott.
this the film up-threw-me
This film gave me a high/This film made me happy.
Majd elszall a boldogsagtol.
almost away-flies-he/she the happiness-from
He/she is on cloud nine.
HAPPINESS IS LIGHT
Felderult az area,
up-brightened the face-his/her
His/her face brightened up.
Deriis alkat.
he/she bright personality
He/she has a sunny personality.
HAPPINESS IS A FLUID IN A CONTAINER
Tulcsordult a szi've a boldogsagtol.
over-flow-past the heart-his/her the happiness-from
His heart overflowed with joy.
Nem birtam magamban tartani oromomet.
not could-I myself-in hold joy-my-ACC
I couldn't contain my joy. [21;165]
(ACC means accusative.) English, Chinese, and Hungarian are three
typologically completely unrelated languages and represent very different mentalty
types of the world. The question arises: How is it possible for such different
languages and the owners of various cognition to conceptualize happiness
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metaphorically in such similar ways? Three answers to the question suggest
themselves: (i) it has happened by accident; (2) one language borrowed the
metaphors from another; and (3) there is some universal motivation for the
metaphors to emerge in these cultures. Kovecses says he will opt for the third
possibility, although the other factors cannot be ruled out completely either.
In the Uzbek language also several conceptual metaphors can correspond to
those in English. But there are some distinctive points too. For example conceptual
metaphors like
BEING HAPPY IS BEING IN HEAVEN
U
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