‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


Shouldn’t offsets be encouraged in any case to reduce total impacts?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Shouldn’t offsets be encouraged in any case to reduce total impacts?
While offsets should certainly be encouraged, it must be understood that they do not reduce existing 
impacts – let alone constitute net ecological gains [Chapter 11]. Green buildings are better than what 
might 
otherwise
have been built. But without the green building itself, there would be far less fossil 
fuel, land and water consumption. Sustainability is not just about consuming less in the future. To 
make a net positive contribution to sustainability, development would need to reverse the social and 
ecological impacts of past and ongoing development – the existing urban context. So it should not 
be considered impact neutral to just offset future environmental impacts. Environments for safer
healthier and more convivial social interaction should be a given, not something for which we give 
‘extra credit’. If we are serious about sustainability, then we would not just add more ‘green’ buildings 
to the skyline. The built environment would provide the space and conditions for natural systems to 
repair and sustain themselves. We could eco-retrofit existing urban development to make cities carry 
their own weight and create synergistic relationships with their region. The target would be what 
we will call a ‘sustainability standard’: net improvement in human 
and
ecological health over what 
would have been the case if the development had not been built [Chapter 5]. Positive Development 
would, of course, also meet standard triple bottom line criteria, as enunciated in many planning 
policy documents [Box 22].
Wouldn’t such a high standard be both too costly and too unrealistic?
As suggested earlier, targets that represent incremental improvement over current norms are
essentially price fixing. It is well accepted that green buildings need not cost more than ‘sick 
buildings’. In fact, it has been shown that ‘dark green’ buildings cost less to construct than ‘pale 
green’ buildings due to synergies created by integrated design.
44
So there is really no excuse for 


16
Positive Development
conventional architecture. But even green buildings, which gradually move the goalposts further, are 
pointless if we are still on the wrong playing field. New green buildings just reduce the increasing 
rate
of environmental degradation in the construction supply chain. Sustainability cannot be achieved 
within the existing prototype of development. It is a matter of simple arithmetic. Several international 
government and research organizations, such as the OECD, have warned that we have only a few 
decades to reduce material and energy flows by 90 per cent (depending on who is counting what).
Buildings use about 40 per cent of energy and produce about 40 per cent of greenhouse gases. Half 
the energy use of new buildings is energy ‘embodied’ in construction (20 per cent of total energy 
flows).
45
So even green buildings add more consumption to the equation than they can reduce. Also, 
only 2–4 per cent of the building stock is new each year. So even if 
all
new buildings were green, it 
would only address a tiny fraction of resource flows (2 per cent of 20 per cent, or 0.4 per cent). If we 
are to cut back consumption dramatically, therefore, we have to re-design 
existing
development. We 
need a new architecture that increases the social and ecological use of space for less net cost. This 
would not be difficult.

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