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It must not sag on vertical parts of objects, nor sag during flash-off or at increasing temperatures in
the stoving oven. However, the clearcoat film must perfectly cover the remaining unevenness (which
is known as telegraphing) of the other film layers. The clearcoat must not contour this telegraphing.
Therefore, the levelling agents for clearcoats are chosen for their ability to support wetting proper-
ties. The most important classes of material for levelling agents are polyacrylates (non-functional,
high-molecular polyacrylates containing unpolar monomers) and modified silicone oils.
Silicone oils are polycondensation products of dimethyl silane diols. Polydimethyl siloxanes are
incompatible with most resins for coatings. The incompatibility increases with increase in molecu-
lar weight. Very low-molecular silicone oils are compatible with resins, but only in organic solution.
The special feature of silicone oils – their acting on surfaces – stems from their very low surface
tension. In the past, it was believed that silicone oils reduce the surface tension of the entire coat-
ing system, thereby conducing to better wetting and levelling. However, in reality, the silicone oils
work by floating to the surface of the film layer during the film-forming process. After floating, the
silicone oil spreads over the surface of the layer efficiently due its the low surface tension. It is
believed that such behaviour occurs on the spray particles, which are then capable of boosting wet-
ting, spray mist take-up and levelling. Levelling stems from the formation of a secondary structure
on the surface of the film. If the additive is able to influence the surface structure, it is possible
to create a structure comprising a small quantity of long waves that covers all other remaining
unevenness and creates the visual impression of high filling power (clearcoat hold-out).
Figure 3.8.16: Possible modifications of silicone oils
Figure 3.8.17: Chemical structure of typical UV absorbers
Automotive
OEM coatings
185
The sharp border between effectiveness and incompatibility in the case of unmodified silicone oils
has been accentuated by modifying them. The modifications are more polar than the silicone oils
themselves and increase the compatibility of the products with resins, without diminishing the
surface effects. Modification leads to easier handling of silicone oils and prevention of film defects.
It is also possible to choose the modified silicone oil to suit the type of resin in the paint formulation
and to strike a balance between compatibility and floating effect. The most important modification
of silicone oils is the addition of polyether chains (EO and PO polyesters). Furthermore, replacing
some dimethyl siloxanes by siloxanes with longer aliphatic chains increase compatibility. There
are also silicone oils that have been modified with polyester chains (e.g. polycaprolactones). The
modifications are obtained by making alkyl silane triols react with the modification molecules, or
adding allyl ethers to silanes. The modification may be a chain termination or a side chain. Figure
3.8.16 show all the ways in which silicone oils can be modified.
There are many different commercial products, which are chosen for their specific effects. Some
of the modified silicone oils exhibit an additional influence on the viscosity behaviour of the
paint, namely by conferring structural viscosity. It is necessary to ensure that polyether-modified
silicone oil do not render the films sensitive to moisture.
Theoretically, all coating layers should lend themselves to re-coating. Although clearcoats are the
last layer of the automotive coating system, it must be possible for them to be re-coated in the
event of repairs. The surface additives chosen must not prevent recoatability.
Some silicone oils that spread over coating surfaces generate slip effects. Slip effects are condu-
cive to scratch resistance. But they can also pose recoatability. Subsequent coatings might not wet
or adhere to the surface of the last layer. This may be an advantage where the requirement is for
an anti-graffiti effect. However, it is definitely a disadvantage for repair coatings if the surface has
been sanded completely before recoating can occur. Therefore, a crucial requirement imposed on
the use of silicone oils as levelling agents is their mobility. They must create excellent surfaces,
but they must also be readily absorbed by the next coating. The mobility of silicone oils is of course
also very
important for use in primers,
primer surfacers, and basecoats.
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