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physiological concerns, due to the quantity of free reactive isocyanate groups, but they are not
toxic by inhalation on account of their resin-like properties, with practically no vapour pressure
at ambient temperatures. Nonetheless, users must ensure to avoid direct contact between such
products and skin or mucous membranes. The oligomerisation reactions are nearly exclusively
based on hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI). They involve
the formation of different adducts, such as urethanes, allophanates, biurets, uretdiones and, most
commonly, isocyanurates (see Figure 3.8.11).
These polyisocyanate adducts react much more clearly with hydroxyl groups from partner resins
than with the functional groups of melamine resins. Consequently, the mixing ratios for resins
containing hydroxyl groups and polyisocyanate adducts are calculated stoichiometrically. The
optimum is an equivalent ratio of both components (n
NCO
= n
OH
), but it is possible to vary the
ratios within certain limits, without loss of properties. Only the reaction of isocyanates with
atmospheric moisture need be taken into consideration. This side-reaction leads to the formation
of urea groups. For stoving coatings, such as automotive OEM clearcoats, this side-reaction is not
very extensive.
As already mentioned, isocyanates can react at ambient temperatures with resins containing
hydroxyl groups. However, the gradient of the reaction rate as a function of temperature (Arrhe-
nius plot) is much smaller than that for the reaction of functional groups of melamine resins. It
makes sense, then, to crosslink two-component clearcoats containing polyisocyanate adducts at
the same temperatures as the one-component clearcoats containing melamine resins with a view
to obtaining efficient crosslinking efficiently and perfect film properties.
Compared with films resulting from melamine resin crosslinking, films containing polyisocyanate
adducts are much more homogeneous and the molecular network is more extended. This explains
the better chemical resistance, better resistance to chemicals and better flexibility. However, as
a rule, the network arc length is greater than for the networks in films
crosslinked by melamine
resins. That leads to lower hardness and opens the possibility of diffusion effects. However, both
groups of polyisocyanate adducts behave in totally different ways. Crosslinkers based on hexam-
ethylene diisocyanate are distinguished by high reactivity and crosslink optimally to afford rela-
tively flexible and weathering-resistant clearcoat films that can be swollen by strong chemicals
and specific solvents. IPDI adducts are less reactive and lead to less efficient crosslinking than
Figure 3.8.11: Isocyanurate adduct of hexamethylene diisocyanate
Automotive
OEM coatings
181
HDI adducts. However, due to their cycloaliphatic structure, the resultant films are much harder
and more resistant to diffusion processes, which can cause swelling. Therefore, the films offer
better chemical
and solvent resistance, but are also less flexible.
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