Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

Slovenia
. Objects that may be subjected to confiscation shall 
be in direct relation with a perpetrator, and they shall be confiscated for such relation precisely. The mere 
fact that a perpetrator still has the instrumentalities of crime at their disposal constitutes a threat in itself. 
Confiscation of the instrumentalities is intended to remove such threat
11
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In accordance with Article 70-12 of the Criminal Code of 
Latvia
(entered into force on 1 August 2017), the 
objects of a criminal offence, that is tools or means that were intended or were used to commit a crime, are 
subject to confiscation.
In 
Ukraine
, the subject to confiscation shall be both the property selected, produced, adapted, or used as the 
instrumentality of offence and the property intended (used) to induce a person to commit an offence, provide 
the financial and/or material support for an offence or the reward for commission of an offence (paragraphs 
2 and 4 of Part I of Article 96-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). As per the legislation of 
Kazakhstan

money or other property, used in or intended to be used in financing or otherwise supporting a crime, is 
subject to confiscation only if this relates to terrorist or extremist activities or to a criminal group (paragraphs 
3 of Article 48 of the Criminal Code of Kazakhstan). 
In accordance with the amendments introduced to the Criminal Code of 
Poland
(came into force on 27 April 
2017), at the time of conviction of the offence from which a perpetrator derived a financial, yet indirect, 
benefit to a substantial amount, the court is entitled to render a decision on confiscation of an enterprise 
owned by the perpetrator or the sum equivalent thereof, if the enterprise was used to commit an offence or 
conceal the benefits derived therefrom (Article 44 of the Criminal Code). That said, the premises, enterprises, 
and proceeds exceeding the amount of EUR 50,000 are confiscated. Such confiscation is not applied in cases 
if the confiscation is not proportionate to the gravity of an offence, guilt of a person or motive and conduct 
of the enterprise owner; the damage caused by the offence or the value of concealed benefit is insignificant 
compared to the business of the enterprise; or the confiscation causes disproportionate damage to the owner 
of the business (paragraphs 4-5 of Article 44 of the Criminal Code). 
Some ACN countries add the property that was the subject of a criminal encroachment, but also objects and 
property, to the list of instrumentalities used to commit an offence (Article 87 of the Criminal Code of 

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