Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

Phillips v. the United Kingdom
9
 case, the European Court of Human Rights examined a complaint by 
the applicant who had been convicted of drug trafficking and compelled to pay GBP 91,400 which the court 
found to be the estimated benefit from drug trafficking in line with the Anti-Drug Trafficking Act 1994. The 
financial investigation revealed that the applicant did not declare the legitimate source of income, yet being 
the owner of one four flats and a number of other assets, including five automobiles. Previously the applicant 
had been convicted several times, but never of drug trafficking. During his trial, the applicant failed to adduce 
solid arguments and dispose the presumption of obtaining the money by virtue of drug trafficking. 
In his application to the European Court, Phillips referred to violations of his presumption of innocence 
(paragraph 2 of Article 6 of the Convention) and his right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions (Article 1 of 
the Protocol No. 1). However, the Court did no find violations in the case. Thus, the Court noted the 
presumption was not applied in order to facilitate finding the applicant guilty of an offence, but instead to 
enable the national court to assess the amount at which the confiscation order should properly be fixed. The 
right to be presumed innocent pursuant to paragraph 2 of Article 6 of the Convention arises with respect to 
8
See 
Raimondo v. Italy
, Judgement of 22 February 1994, application no. 12954/87. 
9
See 
Phillips v. the United Kingdom
, Judgement of 5 July 2001, application no. 41087/98. 


18 
 
a particular offence, against which the ‘charges have been brought’. As soon as, in due course, the accused 
is convicted of a relevant offence, the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 6 of the Convention are no longer 
applicable, neither in connection with the statements made towards the accused, nor as a part of the sentence 
fixing process, unless such statements are ‘new’ in terms of their nature and extent.
The European Court also denied the claims made by the applicant on violations of his right for a fair trial 
and the right against self-incrimination as part thereof, due to the fact he had to explain himself with respect 
to legitimacy of assets he had owned in the last 6 years. Upon examining the relevant law and judiciary 
practice, the Strasbourg Court concluded that the presumptions application procedure was attended by 
sufficient guarantees for a fair trial. The main basis for guarantee was the fact that the assumption, made 
pursuant to the 1994 Act, could have been denied, if the applicant had demonstrated, based on the balance 
of probabilities, that he acquired the property in question other than through drug traffickingMoreover, a 
judge is vested with the discretionary powers not to administer an assumption, should they believe that such 
administration entails a grave risk of injustice. 
In the context of the complaint filed by the applicant with respect to a violation of Article 1 of the Protocol 
No. 1, the European Court noted that orders on confiscation, in the context of the 1994 Act, were the deterrent 
for those who pondered of involvement in drug trafficking, as well as were aimed at the deprivation of 
proceeds gained from drug trafficking and the elimination of a possibility of their deployment in future drug 
trafficking. Despite that GBP 91,400 was a significant amount, the Court, at the same time, noted that such 
amount corresponded to the value of benefit, which, as established by the judge in the domestic trial, had 
been derived by the applicant from drug trafficking in the previous six years, and that was an amount the 
applicant could have recovered from the property at his disposal. Considering the abovementioned, the Court 
determined that the intervention, which the applicant had been subjected to in his right for respect of his 
property, was proportionate, and that there was no violation of Article 1 of the Protocol No. 1 to the 
Convention. 
In one of its recent decisions, the European Court of Human Rights examined the conformity of the 
Convention with the civil forfeiture practiced in Georgia. The 

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