Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia


D. Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime



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Parties pursuant to Article 24. 
D. Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime 
and on the Financing of Terrorism (Warsaw Convention) 
The Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and on the 
Financing of Terrorism was signed within the framework of the Council of Europe on 16 May 2005 in 
Warsaw and had 34 Member States as of July 2018. 
This Convention envisages a comprehensive set of measures on prevention, combating, and investigation of 
the money laundering and financing of terrorism, obligations on criminalisation of particular conduct
measures on freezing, seizure, and confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of relevant crimes, 
determining liability of legal persons, measures on international cooperation in this regard, including the 
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Available at https://www.oecd.org/daf/anti-bribery/44176910.pdf
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liability for confiscation at the request of foreign competent authorities and adoption of measures on 
recovering the assets of crime. 
Article 1 of the Convention defines ‘proceeds’ (economic advantage, derived from or obtained, directly or 
indirectly, from criminal offences), ‘property’ (property of any description, whether corporeal or incorporeal, 
movable or immovable, and legal documents or instruments evidencing title to or interest in such property), 
and ‘instrumentalities’ (property used or intended to be used, in any manner, wholly or in part, to commit a 
criminal offence or criminal offences). Additionally, ‘confiscation’ is defined as a penalty or a measure, 
ordered by a court following proceedings in relation to a criminal offence or criminal offences resulting in 
the final deprivation of property. 
In accordance with Article 3 of the Convention (Confiscation measures), Each Party shall adopt such 
legislative and other measures as may be necessary to enable it to confiscate instrumentalities and proceeds 
or property the value of which corresponds to such proceeds and laundered property. Provided that paragraph 
1 of this article applies to money laundering and to the categories of offences in the appendix to the 
Convention (which includes, in particular, bribery and corruption), each Party may, at the time of ratification
declare that paragraph 1 of this article applies: a) only in so far as the offence is punishable by deprivation 
of liberty or a detention order for a maximum of more than one year; and/or b) only to a list of specified 
offences. Parties may provide for mandatory confiscation in respect of offences which are subject to the 
confiscation regime and include in this provision the offences of money laundering, and any other serious 
offence. Besides that, Each Party shall adopt such legislative or other measures as may be necessary to 
require that, in respect of a serious offence or offences as defined by national law, an offender demonstrates 
the origin of alleged proceeds or other property liable to confiscation to the extent that such a requirement is 
consistent with the principles of its domestic law. 
Articles 23-26 of the Convention regulate in detail the procedure for confiscation of assets using the 
international legal assistance mechanisms. 
For countries that have not ratified the Warsaw Convention, the Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure 
and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime of 1990, to which 47 Member States of the Council of Europe, 
as well as Australia and Kazakhstan, are parties, could be used as a legal basis for cooperation on confiscation 
issues.

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