Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

Montenegro 
envisages that the instrumentalities of a criminal offence may be 
confiscated even if they are not owned by the perpetrator if so required for reasons of security of people or 
property, or for moral reasons, but also where there is still a risk that they may be used for the commission 
of a criminal offence notwithstanding however the rights of third persons to claim damages from the 
perpetrator 
The legislation of 
Romania
allows confiscation of the instrumentalities of a criminal offence belonging to 
third parties, if they knew the purpose of their use or intended use (paragraphs 1(b) and 1(c) of Article 112 
of the Criminal Code of Romania). In 
Ukraine
, the instrumentalities of a criminal offence shall also be 
confiscated from third parties, if they knew or could know about the illegal use (part 1 of Article 96-2 of the 
Criminal Code of Ukraine). 
In accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 83 of the Criminal Code of 
Estonia
, the objects used to commit a 
criminal offence, which belong to a third person at the time of making the judgment by a court, may be 
confiscated, if this person: 1) assisted to commit or prepare a criminal offence by negligence in the very 
least; 2) acquired, in full or in the essential part, on account of the offender, as a present or in any other 
manner for a price which is considerably lower than the normal market price; or 3) knew that the assets were 
transferred to the person in order to avoid confiscation. 
In accordance with the amendments introduced to the Criminal Code of 
Poland
(came into force on 27 April 
2017), at the time of conviction of the offence from which a perpetrator derived a financial, yet indirect, 
benefit to a substantial amount, the court is entitled to render a decision on confiscation of an enterprise 
owned by not the perpetrator, but other natural person, or the sum equivalent thereof, if the enterprise was 
used to commit an offence or conceal the benefits derived therefrom, while the owner intended to use the 
enterprise for the aforesaid purposes or agreed thereto foreseeing such possibility (Article 44 of the Criminal 
Code). 
As part of the questionnaire replies, 

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