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Aдабиётлар рўйхати
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фаровонлигининг муҳим омилидир. Президент Шавкат Мирзиёевнинг
Республика байналмилал маданият маркази ташкил этилганлигининг 25
йиллигига бағишланган учрашувдаги нутқи. Халқ сўзи, 2017 йил 26 январь.
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муносабатларнинг долзарблиги. Республика илмий-назарий конференцияси
материаллари. -Т., 2020. – Б. 150-151.
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Монография. Истиқлол нури, - Тошкент: 2016.
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THE THEORY OF SPEECH ACTS: LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVES
Jumaniyozova Nuriya Axmedovna
PhD Student
Uzbekistan State World Languages University
The goal of this paper is to characterise the speech acts from the perspective of
pragmalinguistics. By “pragmalinguistics”, we mean the feature of linguistic unit
functioning that is determined by the purposeful tasks of the text sender influencing
the recipient while taking into consideration the situational constraints of the act of
communication. As it is known, the smallest unit of speech activity is a speech act,
which we refer to as the production of a specific sentence in the context of real
speech communication. “An intentional speech action performed in line with the
principles and standards of speech behaviour approved in a given community; a unit
of normative socio-verbal behaviour analysed within the framework of a pragmatic
situation”, according to Matveeva [1].
The word “act” is employed to stress the phenomenon’s dynamic, procedural
nature. The term “utterance” is sometimes used to describe a spoken act. The notion
of speech actions is the foundation for the theory of speech interaction, which
emerged in the 1970s. The essence of this theory is that communication is the
interchange of information between communicants, not the transfer of information.
The theory of speech interaction attempts to fill a gap in language pragmatics by
focusing on the subject of discourse as the maker of utterances, actively selecting and
mixing linguistic signs with the purpose of making a certain impact on a partner. As a
result, this theory surpassed the notion of speech actions’ monologism [2]. In
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linguistics, the functional classifications of speech acts proposed by J. Austin and J.
Searle have garnered the most attention. Requests, threats, offers, commands,
compliments, greetings, commissions, instructions, representations, expressive, and
statements are among the twelve forms of speech acts classified by Searle [3].
Communicative intention (communicative intention) correlates with the expression of
various intentional states of consciousness and, as a result, paradoxically covers a
wider range of phenomena than the expression of intention (intention) in the
psychological sense - as one of such intentional states.
Therefore, J. Searle, following
the philosophical tradition, considers intentional states to encompass a broad
spectrum of mental processes linked with the turning of consciousness away from
itself. “The purpose to accomplish something is merely one of the expressions of
Intentionality, along with faith, hope, fear, desire, and so on”, J. Searle notes [4]. He
also states in his taxonomy of illocutionary acts that intention unites promises, oaths,
threats, and guarantees, whereas requests, orders, commands, entreaties,
intercessions, petitions, and entreaties are all covered by desire or need. All relevant
verbs, such as promise, swear, threaten, vouch, as well as beg, order, intercede, and
so on, can be used to call the speaker’s communicative intention, coupled with the
designation of a speech act.
He argues that the most important condition for the
success of numerous speech acts (for example, congratulations) is the sincerity of the
person pronouncing it. One of the conditions for the speech act of affirmation is the
speaker’s sincere belief in the truth of the given statement. In the process of making a
promise, a person must have a sincere intention to fulfill it. In his theory, the
speaker’s “intentions” are central to communication. Intention is the most important
component of the condition for the success of a speech act, necessary for its
consideration as an action. In the process of communication, the listener must
recognize the intentions of the speaker. If the listener does not understand the
intention, then he asks again, clarifying it.
One of the provisions of the “theory of speech acts” is that the minimum unit of
human communication is not a proposal or a statement, but “the implementation of a
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certain type of acts, such as a statement, a question, an order, a description, an
explanation, an apology, gratitude, congratulations, etc. This attitude turned out to be
consonant with those views in modern linguistics, which are characterized by the
desire to go beyond the sentence, to expand the framework of linguistic analysis. This
broadening of the research horizons is not an end in itself, but a means of
“unloading” the semantic description of the sentence and the text, removing from it
some components of the general communicative order [5].
In conclusion, linguists pin the following hopes on the theory of speech acts:
go beyond the material processed by purely linguistic methods, but at the
same time try to develop a sufficiently reliable toolkit;
explain and describe the strategies of speech influence on the basis of the
atomic concepts of this theory;
to extend G. Frege’s “principle of compositionality” to the area of
speech interaction; that is, to establish such structures and rules for their
transformation, which would allow, based on the interpretation of the constituent
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