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ФИО автора:
Maksetov Kutlimurat Makset uli
Master's student of Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh, Nukus
Название публикации:
«ETHNOGRAPHY IS AN INTEGRAL FIELD IN THE
HUMANITY SCIENCE AS SUBJECT IN THE RESEARCH OF PEOPLE»
Annotation.
The distinction between ethnography and ethnology between the
humanities is based on the fact that all people of the world, regardless of their type,
origin, customs, material and spiritual development, are unique in their individuality.
In this case, the key principles of the field research methodology are the methods of
monitoring the particisubjectts. This article explores the role of ethnography in the
humanities in the study of nations. Field research work will also be analyzed for those
who prefer a free approach to research.
Key words.
informants, social issues, field research methodology,
socio-anthropology, ethnomethodology.
The usual object of study of ethnography is the study of the individual people of
the world at the level of subject. However, such a view of the object of ethnography
did not appear immediately. In the developmental stages of this subject, lead to many
contradictions. At first, some scholars considered to be the object of the individual,
while others considered culture, power, and a few scientists to be the object of the
social sphere of society. Although many scholars have pointed out that the object of
ethnography is the people, they are referring to the people at the initial stages of socio-
economic development. The earliest period of civilization was also considered to be
the study of the ancient people of feudal society.
The prevalence of this view is due to the fact that non-European regions, such as
Central Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, which are lagging behind the development of
ethnography at the subject level, are focused on the study of American people. Along
with him, the study of history was considered to be the subject in which was studied
the "historical people" in the scriptures, in sharp contrast to the science of history. It is
worth mentioning that the first ethnographic research was carried out by European
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scientists, led by German scientists from Russia, England and Hungary. They tried to
separate the ethnography from the history and restore the culture, language, religion
and nationality of the ancient people, while its main task was to preserve the object.
The study of "non-historical" people in ethnography can be interpreted as attempts to
reconcile those who try to take the term "science" by pointing out aspects of its history.
[1]
However, this notion is considered obsolete, and the inconsistency of the
division of people into "historical and non-historical" has long been clear. It is widely
acknowledged that the object of ethnography is the people who have lagged behind
this development and are not very developed, and who existed in the past and today.
The end result of ethnographic people, who have taken the socio-economic life of the
people of the past as a task in the study of religion and culture, as well as the
development of the population at various stages of development, explains the root
causes of their situation. In the Russian literature of the Revolution, the term
"ethnology" was taken as a synonym for ethnography. In English-speaking countries,
ethnography is closely intertwined with cultural and social anthropology. In them, in
conjunction with physiological anthropology, it is considered as a universal subject.
The term "ethnography" is derived from the ancient greek word, meaning "ethnos"
means people, and "grafein" means "writing". "Ethnology" is a formal scientific term,
which means "science" in Greek and comes close to logic. The term in dominant
terminology is ethnology.
So what is the essence of this concept? There are different opinions on the history
of this subject. According to the current views, ethnos (people) is not only the religion
and culture of these people, but also the social groups that are formed as a result of the
natural-historical process. The uniqueness of the ethnic groups, their uniqueness, their
distinctiveness as a separate people, and the fact that they themselves have become a
rule, have been preserved for a long time. Each ethnos has its own characteristics that
distinguish it from all other types of species. First of all, one of the most important
features of the life of the members of the ethnos is the language, which is reflected in
various aspects of life. It serves as a link between individuals belonging to a particular
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ethnic group, as well as a sign that distinguishes the number from other ethnic groups.
[2]
For example, the first and most distinctive feature of the Karakalpak ethnos is
the Karakalpak language. Along with language, culture plays a key role in the activities
of ethnic groups, and this is one of the components of the program, which is reflected
in its daily life. In the realm of material culture, these are the types of housing, tools,
clothing, food, and so on. In spiritual culture these customs and rituals are considered
to be the religion of the people.
The cultural unity of the members of the ethnos, in turn, is directly related to the
universal qualities of the psychology of the individual, which are the individual
qualities of the psyche, and implies the ethnic character of the ethnocentrism.
Ethnography, with its emphasis on programmatic everyday culture, contributes to the
development of one of the most important aspects of all cultural history of mankind,
which does not allow the development of professional forms of global culture.
Ethnographic research has a special place in the restoration of cultural history in the
early stages of social development.
Historical and ethnographic knowledge is also important for understanding the
modern life of people. For example, without such knowledge, it is impossible to
properly evaluate and act on all the processes that take place in the world. One of the
ethnographic studies is that the study of modern ethnic processes has reduced
civilizational differences among all people. The scientific and technological revolution
of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries has shown the legacy of linear development.
Ethnographers face a number of challenges in studying the national ethnic processes
that have taken place around the world. This is especially true in countries where the
way of life is slowly and highly developed. However, it should be borne in mind that
the people of the highly developed countries have their own ethnic characteristics,
except that the ethnographic programming culture, some of which have survived from
the distant past, and the preservation of national forms of life and national identity have
changed. It is also important to have a clear idea of the change in your choice. Along
with the number of ethnic minorities, the majority of the population is tasked with
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identifying links with other ethnic groups. As one of the historical subjects, the study
of ethnography, especially in the early period, also divides the study of ethnic history
in the field of ethnic history into many branches. In the study of modernity,
ethnography has a clear social connection. Both scholars are interested in the same
aspects of social life in most cases. But neither social nor ethnographer can duplicate
each other. They showed every aspect of their idea. For example, if an ethnographer is
interested in the social relations of a social group in the process of learning, he/she is
interested in his ethnic characteristics. It is almost impossible to study the social class
together because of the interconnectedness of ethnic relations. The study of ethnic
aspects of national processes is one of the most important tasks of ethnography. It is
difficult to overestimate the importance of a multi-ethnic country like ours.
This, in turn, requires an in-depth study of the factors that influence the
convergence of all types of modern ethnic processes and trends. The great cognitive
significance of historical ethnographic processes closely contributes to the creation of
ethnographic works in the form of historical and ethnographic atlases, which combine
the unifying qualities of the people of the world.
The ethnographer always refers to archeological materials to study and select
ethnographic questions. In order to reconstruct archeology and restore history,
ethnographic materials are used to determine the ethnicity of archeological sites.
Ethnography is connected with the study of cultural history, art and folklore in the
study of economic activity. As mentioned above, ethnography is related to the study of
the interaction of ethno-cultural phenomena in both the exact sociology and the social
class. Ethnography is a socio-psychological and ethnological psychology.
Now the linguistic kinship of ethnography and people is directly related to the
interaction of linguistic and dialectological and onomastic researches, the interaction
of linguists and ethnic processes. The reason is that, as mentioned above, the subject
matter of ethnography is linguistics. This language is considered to be the most
common unifying feature of any ethnic group.
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As for the connection of ethnography with geography, ethnos is also intertwined
in the study of the interactions of the natural environment with the study of the types
of habitats, as well as the development of ethnic maps [3].
In the study of the number of people of the world, migration processes are
associated with ethnographic demography, i.e. ethno-demography. If we say that it is
connected with ethnic-psychology, then determinism plays a role in the ethno-
psychology of geographically central people. Ethnography is directly related to
anthropology and ethno genesis, especially in the study of ancient and early social
history. Ethnography, to one degree or another, is interconnected with many other
natural disciplines, and the information contained in them can be integrated into the
ethnic history of the entire human race. It is possible for ethnic peoples to learn the
different aspects of ethnic processes in a special way so that they can learn all their
constituent parts. In it, the ethnicity finds its own identity. Therefore, the complex
approach to the subject of research is also of special importance for ethnography, using
the data obtained by natural subjects.
As for the distinction between ethnographic and ethnological paths among the
humanities, it is a special subject to study their own qualities subject to learn about the
language of all the people of the world, their origins (ethno genesis), way of life,
customs, and material and spiritual identity. Ethnology is the study of the origins of the
modern world, the structure of ethnicity, spiritual culture, the nationality of values, the
historical process. Historical ethnography examines the disappearing people, ethnic
groups, past ethnic processes, and everyday life, as well as spiritual and cultural values.
In ethnography, in order to define and describe social relations in addition to the ter m
general understanding, terms such as a tribe community, a territorial community or a
neighborhood community play a great important. The reason is that the future
appearance of our public institutions has also been preserved. Terminology related to
ceremonies and rituals is also widely used in the context of spiritual and cultural
concepts. [4]
In addition to the notion of ethnography itself, there are also research methods
related to the humanities. Several methods are used in ethnography in the study of
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ethnos. This means that these are written material, word-of-mouth information, and
archival documents. For ethnography, the stationary method is used to summarize the
information and materials collected in the places of direct observation of the life of
ethnos, and this is considered to be a unified method for ethnography. Today, the
problems facing ethnography are unexplored issues in the life of the people. Ethnology
or folk pedagogy (education in the traditions of war and traditions). [5]
Folk medicine is an important part of the traditional spiritual culture of every
nation. The role of ethnography in the system of humanities is related to other
disciplines, and it is not difficult to see that it is in the integral field of the humanities.
The object of ethnographers' attention is the people, the nation, the individual,
that is, the human being. Science focuses on its origins, social development, culture,
values, religion, language, customs, and programs. Any patch on the stage of history
will determine the place of this nation. It is important to understand and study the
ethnography of the child as an integral field of the humanities.
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