Международный научно-образовательный электронный журнал

KEYWORDS: 
speech sound disorders, working memory, school-aged children, 
Baddeley’s working memory model, nonverbal intelligence 
INTRODUCTION
: Speech sound disorders (SSD) are characterised by delays in 
the accurate production of age-appropriate speech sounds. As the speech sound system 
develops, children rely on emerging skills in multiple domains including perceptual, 
cognitive, linguistic, and motoric, for accurate speech production. Presumably, an 
impairment in any one of these domains could result in abnormal speech sound 
development. For approximately 3.9% of children, abnormal speech sound production 
persists past the age of eight years. 
1.
One of the great joys of parenthood is introducing your kid to the world and 
giving them a foundation of good childhood memories on which they can sta rt 
building their life. A major way that parents try to build childhood memories is 
through adventures. Travel is easy enough when they’re infants (a baby is basically 
carry-on luggage that occasionally cries), but it gets trickier by the time they’re 
toddlers. Because hitting the road with a preschooler requires NASA-level 
strategic planning, many parents simply stay put, resigned to the fact that very 
young kids have childhood amnesia and won’t remember anyway. But building up 
a healthy reserve of future nostalgia with your kids is always a good investment. 

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2.PM is usually assessed in laboratory experiments where participants are 
engaged in an ongoing task, such as rating the pleasantness of words, while they must 
simultaneously remember to perform a predefined action (i.e., PM task) whenever a 
designated and rare event occurs (i.e., PM target), such as pressing a specific key 
whenever a specific word appears. 
3.The contribution of executive and control processes in PM has been shown, for 
example, in studies examining attentional monitoring costs, which is represented by 
slower response times (RTs) or lower accuracy rates in an ongoing task when a PM 
task is added compared with the case with no PM task. According to the preparatory 
attention and memory theory), this effect represents the cost of dividing limited 
cognitive resources between the ongoing task and the PM task, which is crucial to 
obtain a high PM performance. In contrast, the multiprocess
 
view claims that intention 
retrieval can also occur automatically without the need to engage attentional 
monitoring resources to reach a high PM performance.
4. Over the preschool years, children become more effective at keeping task-
irrelevant thoughts out of short-term memory, thereby reducing the potentially 
interfering material that otherwise would limit capacity.