1. Introduction
Kiwifruit is an edible berry on the woody vine of
Actinidia chinensis
and has an excellent flavor. The yield of kiwifruit has increased signif-
icantly, and the supply of fresh kiwifruit exceeds the demand (
Wang
&
Peng, 2017
). This has led to processing of kiwifruit to juice, preserved
fruit, fruit powder, fruit wine, and other products to improve its value
(
Liang et al., 2021
). The nutritional components of fruit juice are
transformed by
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
fermentation, improving its
antioxidant activity and nutritional value (
Li et al., 2021
). Biologically
active compounds present in fruit wines have positive effects on the
human body, such as reducing high blood sugar levels by inhibiting
α
-glucosidase (
Uros Cakar et al., 2017
). However, excessive ethanol
intake may increase the risk of health problems such as coronary heart
disease, heart failure, hypertension, and fatal aneurysms (
Wood, Kap-
toge,
&
Butterworth, 2018
). In addition, wines with a high alcohol
content are generally considered to be unbalanced, have low fruitiness
and freshness, and a masked main aroma, reducing their quality (
Pham,
Ristic, Stockdale, Jeffery,
&
Wilkinson, 2020
). Fruit wines, which have
alcohol contents of 1
–
7% (v/v), are typically classified as low-alcohol
wines (
OIV, 2007
). Research on low-alcohol fruit wine focuses on the
physical dealcoholization of high-alcohol fruit wine by reverse osmosis,
evaporative osmosis, and rotary cone column distillation (
Pham et al.,
2020
). The low-alcohol fruit wine produced by yeasts other than
S. cerevisiae
is low cost and has good flavor. Because of social and health
concerns about alcohol consumption, research on low alcohol or
non-alcoholic kiwi wine is important.
S. cerevisiae
WLS21 is a typical cider yeast suitable for kiwi wine
production (
Huang et al., 2021
;
Wei, Zhang, Yuan, Dai,
&
Yue, 2019
;
Ye,
Yue,
&
Yuan, 2014a
).
Wickerhamomyces anomalus
—
which is widely used
in the food, industrial, and medical fields
—
exhibits interesting potential
physiological and metabolic characteristics, which is important for the
wine industry.
W. anomalus
produces glycosidases and releases aromatic
compounds (
Mehta et al., 2020
). Mixed fermentation with
S. cerevisiae
yields a more balanced wine (
Padilla, Gil,
&
Manzanares, 2018
).
W. anomalus
is used to enhance the aroma of wine, cider, and Baijiu
(
Fan, Teng, Xu, Fu, Liu, et al., 2019a
;
Fan, Teng, Xu, Fu, Minhazul, et al.,
2019b
;
Padilla et al., 2018
;
Ye et al., 2014a
). Although non--
Saccharomyces
(
S.
)
cerevisiae
yeasts are widely used in the production of
fruit wines, most research involving these species has focused on wine
flavor improvement (
Englezos et al., 2019
). Few studies have focused on
reducing the alcohol content and improving the overall quality and
nutritional characteristics of kiwi wine.
We investigated the effects of inoculation methods of
S. cerevisiae
and
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address:
gzp5988@163.com
(Z. Gao).
Contents lists available at
ScienceDirect
LWT
journal homepage:
www.elsevier.com/locate/lwt
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.113049
Received 9 August 2021; Received in revised form 20 December 2021; Accepted 30 December 2021
LWT 156 (2022) 113049
2
W. anomalus
on the quality and nutritional characteristics (physico-
chemical properties, volatiles, aroma, and sensory parameters) of low-
alcohol kiwi wine. The findings will facilitate improvement of the
quality and nutritional characteristics of low-alcohol kiwi wine.
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