Discovering psychiatric pharmacogenomics
informative genes include the catecholamine-
O
-methyltransferase gene (
COMT
) and the
dopamine receptor genes (
DRD2, DRD3, DRD4
).
It is clearly most practical for clinicians to order
these pharmacogenomic panels from laboratories
that provide comprehensive guidance on the impli-
cations of these gene variations for specific psycho-
tropic medications. Fortunately, there are now
multiple reference laboratories that are providing
pharmacogenomic testing and interpretations.
FUTURE EXPECTATIONS FOR
PHARMACOGENOMICS TESTING
Many child psychiatrists in the USA have begun
to adopt clinical pharmacogenomic testing [8].
However, pharmacogenomic testing is still largely
undiscovered in Britain. This is almost certainly the
direct result of the much wider use of psychotropic
medications in the USA. However, it is safe to pre-
dict that within the next decade there will be rapid
adoption of psychiatric pharmacogenomic testing
on both sides of the Atlantic. The most important
reason is that gene sequencing will become avail-
able as a standard component of a comprehensive
clinical diagnostic evaluation. Today, in order for
child psychiatrists to order a panel of informative
pharmacogenomic genes, they must have a cogni-
tive understanding of the rationale for the potential
benefit of testing. Of course, there is also a consid-
eration about whether the benefit is worth the cost
of the testing. When the cost of genotyping the
entire genomic sequence of a patient falls below
US$1000, sequencing will become a standard com-
ponent of a comprehensive patient evaluation. The
current director of the National Institute of Health
in the USA has predicted that patients will be
routinely sequenced when the cost of sequencing
reaches $1000. Furthermore, he estimates that this
price point will be reached by 2015 [9]. After 2015,
it will still be necessary to develop software to
interpret the implications of the genetic variabil-
ity of our patients, but there will be a stampede of
bioinformaticists who will be competing to develop
the most effective methodologies to diagnose and
treat both the traditional physical illnesses as well
as what we currently refer to as mental illnesses.
It is likely that in the next five years the genotyp-
ing of panels of pharmacogenomically informative
genes will become increasingly commonplace in
the USA. As the number of adverse effects of
psychotropic medications decreases, the use of
these medications will, in all likelihood, increase
even in children with less severe psychiatric ill-
nesses. Ultimately, the societal cost of mental
illness will drop as the chronic disabilities that
we currently manage become more of a historical
memory than our daily responsibility.
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