Child Psychology and Psychiatry


Autism spectrum disorders



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Bog'liq
066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

Autism spectrum disorders
Typically, non-verbal abilities are considerably
better than verbal skills, although this pattern is
less clear in high-functioning individuals.
ASSESSMENT AND INVESTIGATIONS
A
multidisciplinary approach
to
assessment
is required. The composition of teams varies,
but commonly includes a paediatrician, a child
psychiatrist, a speech and language therapist, a
clinical psychologist and an occupational therapist
or physiotherapist.
The
information
necessary
for
diagnosis
includes a detailed developmental history, par-
ents’ descriptions of the everyday behaviour of
the child, and direct assessment of the child’s
social interaction style and communicative and
intellectual function [9,10].

Observation
of the child’s social and communi-
cation abilities should take place in structured
(e.g. IQ and language assessments) and unstruc-
tured (e.g. interactive play assessments) settings.
In the unstructured setting it is important to vary
the degree of social ‘press’ in order to elicit spon-
taneous social overtures, requests and comments
and the child’s response to and understanding
of adult approaches. Another important ele-
ment, where possible, is the opportunity to
observe the child with peers of the same age
at nursery/school. This is important because of
the difficulty of separating response to famil-
iar and undemanding social routines from the
more demanding responses to unfamiliar social
presses. The latter require social reciprocity
and understanding of the pragmatics of social
exchanges, and it is in these situations that
the social and communicative impairments that
characterize children with ASD will be elicited.

Interviews
– the use of structured interview
assessments, such as the Autism Diagnostic
Interview – Revised (ADI-R), and structured
interaction schedules, such as the Autism
Diagnostic
Observation
Schedule – Generic
(ADOS-G), help systematize the range and
depth of information collected. However,
these are time consuming and are not always
feasible within the organizational constraints
of the clinic, especially when the consultation
is led by very specific parental concerns. IQ,
language and communication skills and adaptive
behaviour should be measured.

Physical investigations
may be indicated in some
cases, particularly when there is evidence of
seizures, if a child has a fluctuating clinical
course, or additional features such as motor
impairments, e.g. ataxia or loss of skills [9].
Relevant investigations include EEG, screen-
ing for fragile-X and chromosomal anomalies,
use of a Wood’s light to look for white skin
patches suggestive of tuberous sclerosis, and a
hearing test.

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