Child Psychology and Psychiatry



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES
In contrast to the number of studies examining
structural brain differences, only a few have inves-
tigated possible functional correlates associated
with maltreatment using brain imaging techniques
such as functional MRI (fMRI) or electrophysio-
logical techniques.
fMRI studies
To date, five fMRI studies have compared mal-
treated children to non-maltreated children. Build-
ing on the experimental evidence that maltreated
children show hypervigilance to threatening facial
cues, two fMRI studies have examined the neural
correlates of face processing in this population.
These studies have reported that maltreated
children are characterized by increased amygdala
response to threatening cues in comparison to
non-maltreated children [10] – findings consistent
with amygdala volume differences observed in the
structural MRI studies reviewed above. Two other
studies assessed response inhibition and observed
increased activation in the anterior cingulate
cortex (ACC) in maltreated youths as compared
to controls. These results suggest impaired
cognitive control in maltreated youths, which, in
turn, could confer risk for psychopathology [11],
especially in the context of heightened subcortical
responses such as that observed during affective
processing. The fifth study used a verbal declar-
ative memory task and compared youths with
post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) secondary
to maltreatment with healthy controls [12]. During
the retrieval component of the task, the youths
with PTSS exhibited reduced right hippocampal
activity, which was associated with greater severity
of avoidance and numbing symptoms.

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