Child Psychology and Psychiatry



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES
Subcortical structures: hippocampus
and amygdala
Animal research has shown that the hippocampus
plays a central role in learning and various aspects
of memory and that these functions are impaired
when animals are exposed to chronic stress. Stud-
ies of adults with post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) who have histories of childhood maltreat-
ment, an early form of stress, consistently report
that these individuals have smaller hippocampal
volumes. It is surprising then that structural mag-
netic resonance imaging (sMRI) studies of children
and adolescents with maltreatment-related PTSD
Child Psychology and Psychiatry: Frameworks for practice
, Second Edition. Edited by David Skuse, Helen Bruce,
Linda Dowdney and David Mrazek.

2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
consistently fail to detect decreased hippocampal
volume [1]. It is possible that the impact of stress
is delayed and becomes manifest only later in
development.
The amygdala, another key subcortical struc-
ture, plays a central role in evaluating potentially
threatening
information,
fear
conditioning,
emotional processing and memory. Given that
experiences of maltreatment typically occur in
family environments characterized by unpre-
dictability and threat, it might be expected that
children growing up in such contexts would
show increased amygdala volume, comparable
to that found in stress-exposed animals, which
show increased dendritic arborization [2]. How-
ever, a recent meta-analysis of children with
maltreatment-related PTSD did not find signif-
icant differences in amygdala volume between
maltreated and non-maltreated children [3].
By contrast, more recent studies
have
reported
an increase in amygdala volume in maltreated
children (see, e.g., Ref. [4]), suggesting that
perhaps such effects are subtle and difficult to
detect reliably or are associated with heightened
forms of adversity experienced as a result of
institutionalization.

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