Child Psychology and Psychiatry



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

ERP
Figure 20.1
An overview of the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of the main brain
imaging modalities used to investigate the impact of childhood maltreatment. ERP, event-related
potential; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; DTI, diffusion tensor imaging.
through extensive interconnections with other
cortical and subcortical regions.
There
are
mixed
findings
from
studies
comparing the PFC volume of children with
maltreatment-related PTSD and non-maltreated
children. Recent studies have reported smaller
prefrontal volume associated with the experience
of maltreatment (e.g. Ref. [5]), and less prefrontal
white matter, while other studies have reported
larger grey matter volume of the middle-inferior
and ventral regions of the PFC in maltreated
groups. There are several possible reasons
for these inconsistent findings and it is likely
that methodological differences across studies,
including the use of different imaging techniques
and age groups of children, might at least partly
account for these reported differences [6]. It is
also possible that there are regionally specific
windows of vulnerability in brain development;
the frontal cortex undergoes significant structural
change during adolescence. We know that sexual
abuse, for example, during the adolescent period
is more associated with structural differences in
this brain region compared to other regions [7].
Unfortunately, most brain imaging studies have
not systematically considered the age at which
different kinds of abuse have occurred; from a
clinical perspective it would be helpful for further
research to systematically investigate the relative
vulnerability of different brain regions at different
ages to different forms of early adversity.
By contrast, decreased volume of the cerebel-
lum in children and adolescents with a history
of maltreatment has been a consistent finding
in the literature [6], chiming with growing
evidence that this structure plays a crucial role
in emotion processing and fear conditioning
via its connection with limbic structures and
the hypothalamic–pituitary axis (HPA). The
cerebellum has also been shown to be involved
in executive functioning, which is impaired in
children with a history of maltreatment [8].

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