This is the stress associated with chronic activation of systems:
Ibid.
And 60 percent of these teens who said:
K. A. McLaughlin, J. Greif Green, M. J. Gruber, et al.,
“Childhood Adversities and First Onset of Psychiatric Disorders in a National Sample of U.S.
Adolescents” (2012), 1151–60.
With someone to lean on, and with love:
Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University, “Key
Concepts:
Toxic
Stress,”
http://developingchild.harvard.edu/index.php/key_concepts/toxic_stress_response/
(accessed
February 20, 2015).
Having supportive, responsive relationships with caring adults:
Ibid.
Researchers at Emory University recently found that even when children:
B. Bradley, T. A. Davis, A.
P. Wingo, et al., “Family Environment and Adult Resilience: Contributions of Positive Parenting and
the Oxytocin Receptor Gene,”
European Journal of Psychotraumatology
(September 18, 2013), 4.
This Sensitivity Gene exists in three variants:
Gene variants are also known as gene alleles. The term
allele
—which comes from the word
allelomorph
, meaning “other form”—refers to the different
forms any one gene can take. For instance, our gene alleles usually code for our red blood cells to
have a round, concave shape. But if there is a mutation in that gene, which causes another allele to be
expressed, a red blood cell might be shaped, instead, in the form of a sickle—causing sickle-cell
anemia.
People with this Sensitivity Gene variant who experience:
K. Karg, M. Burmeister, S. Sen, et al.,
“The Serotonin Transporter Promoter Variant (5-HTTLPR), Stress, and Depression Meta-Analysis
Revisited: Evidence of Genetic Moderation,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
68, no. 5 (May 2011),
444–54. In the study, Srijan Sen, MD, PhD, assistant professor of psychiatry at the University of
Michigan Medical School, and his colleagues examined fifty-four studies done between 2001 and
2010 looking at 41,000 individuals—the largest analysis ever done of the relationship between
individuals’ serotonin genetic makeup and how well they were able to bounce back from adversity.
The reason is this: the Sensitivity Gene influences:
M. Aquilera, B. Arias, M. Wichers et al., “Early
Adversity and 5-HTT/BDNF Genes: New Evidence of Gene-Environment Interactions on Depressive
Symptoms in a General Population,”
Psychological Medicine
39, no. 9 (September 2009), 1425–32.
These same kids also showed signs of cognitive:
M. Owens, I. M. Goodyer, P. Wilkinson, et al., “5-
HTTLPR and Early Childhood Adversities Moderate Cognitive and Emotional Processing in
Adolescence,”
PLoS One
7, no. 11 (2012), e48482.
Seventy-five percent of kids with the stress-reactive variant:
D. Albert, D. W. Belsky, M. Crowley, et
al., “Can Genetics Predict Response to Complex Behavioral Interventions? Evidence from a Genetic
Analysis of the Fast Track Randomized Control Trial,”
Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
(January 2, 2015), doi: 10.1002/pam.21811.
Even later efforts in adulthood to reshape:
J. Belsky and M. Pluess, “Beyond Diathesis Stress:
Differential Susceptibility to Environmental Influences,”
Psychological Bulletin
135, no. 6 (2009),
885–908; J. Belsky, “Variation in Susceptibility to Rearing Influences: An Evolutionary Argument,”
Psychological Inquiry
8 (1997), 182–86; J. Belsky, “Theory Testing, Effect-Size Evaluation, and
Differential Susceptibility to Rearing Influence: The Case of Mothering and Attachment,”
Child
Development
68, no. 4 (1997), 598–600; J. Belsky, “Differential Susceptibility to Rearing Influences:
An Evolutionary Hypothesis and Some Evidence,” in
Origins of the Social Mind: Evolutionary
Psychology and Child Development
, edited by B. Ellis and D. Bjorklund (New York: Guildford,
2005), 139–63.
When “sensitive” children experience a supportive:
S. E. Taylor, B. M. Way, W. T. Welch, et al.,
“Early Family Environment, Current Adversity, the Serotonin Transporter Promoter Polymorphism,
and Depressive Symptomatology,”
Biologial Psychiatry
60, no. 7 (October 1, 2006), 671–76.
They become even more likely than other people to develop positive:
David Dobbs, “The Science of
Success,”
The Atlantic
, December 2009, accessed February 20, 2015). In this article Dobbs describes
how Stephen Suomi, PhD, a rhesus-monkey researcher who heads a set of laboratories at the
National Institutes of Health’s Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, was the first researcher to work
with the three different forms of the serotonin gene, and to conduct “gene-by-environment” studies to
determine their effect. Suomi found that monkeys who carried the supposedly risky short/short gene
variant, and who also had nurturing mothers, were better at making friends when they were young,
made strong alliances as they grew older and knew how to utilize them, and handled larger group
conflicts well. They rose higher in their respective hierarchies. Despite their short serotonin gene
variant, they were the most successful monkeys in the troop. The implication, then, is that some
brains are more plastic than others, and are therefore more affected by both positive and negative
effects of supportive or unsupportive environments.
Not surprisingly, those who had experienced a lot:
A. Keller, K. Litzelman, L. E. Wisk, et al., “Does
the Perception that Stress Affects Health Matter? The Association with Health and Mortality,”
Health Psychology
31, no. 5 (2012), 677–84.
In fact, she points out, this latter group:
Kelly McGonigal’s TED Talk on the upside of stress can be
found here: Kelly McGonigal, PhD, “How to Make Stress Your Friend,” TEDGlobal 2013 (June
2013),
http://www.ted.com/talks/kelly_mcgonigal_how_to_make_stress_your_friend
(accessed April
7, 2014).
When something traumatic occurs, the hormone noradrenaline:
E. S. Faber, A. J. Delaney, J. M.
Power et al., “Modulation of SK Channel Trafficking by Beta Adrenoceptors Enhances Excitatory
Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity in the Amygdala,”
Journal of Neuroscience
28, no. 43 (October
22, 2008), 10803–13.
Each time we remember an incident of childhood adversity:
J. Debiec, L. Díaz-Mataix, D. E. Bush, et
al., “The Amygdala Encodes Specific Sensory Features of an Aversive Reinforcer,”
Nature
Neuroscience
13, no. 5 (May 2010), 536–37.
When we mentally revisit an event, we are always:
This understanding is based on a series of
interviews with Ruth Lanius, MD, PhD, on November 1, 2013, and November 11, 2013.
But to some degree, memory plays hoaxes on us all:
H. Schmolck, E. A. Buffalo, and L. R. Squire,
“Memory Distortions Develop over Time: Recollections of the O. J. Simpson Trial Verdict After 15
and 32 Months,”
Psychological Science
11, no. 1 (January 2000), 39–45.
Our brains construct a world that no one else can see:
Michael S. Roth, author of
Memory, Trauma,
and History: Essays on Living with the Past
, and president of Wesleyan University, wrote this in his
essay about Oliver Sacks’s book
Hallucinations
in a review titled “A Neurologist in the Sky with
Diamonds,”
Washington Post
, December 30, 2012; (accessed February 21, 2015).
As the Buddhist teacher Thich Nhat Hanh says:
Priscilla quotes Thich Nhat Hanh in her book
Learning to Breathe: My Yearlong Quest to Bring Calm to My Life
(New York: Free Press, 2011),
79.
It takes two hundred milliseconds for the amygdala to compute:
Linda Graham, MFT, talks about this
in a Clinical Conversation at the Community Institute for Psychotherapy, in a talk titled “The
Neuroscience of Attachment,” first presented Fall 2008. You can find a transcript of her talk at
http://lindagraham-mft.net/resources/published-articles/the-neuroscience-of-attachment/
(accessed
February 21, 2015).
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