Psychological Science
25, no. 7 (May 2014), 1353–61.
These teens who didn’t learn to calm themselves:
S. E. Anderson, R. A. Gooze, S. Lemeshow, et al.,
“Quality of Early Maternal-Child Relationship and Risk of Adolescent Obesity,”
Pediatrics
129, no.
1 (January 2012), 132–40.
In fact, a nurturing mother offsets:
G. E. Miller, M. E. Lachman, E. Chen, et al., “Pathways to
Resilience: Maternal Nurturance as a Buffer Against the Effects of Childhood Poverty on Metabolic
Syndrome at Midlife,”
Psychological Science
22, no. 12 (December 2011), 1591–99.
The victims of bullying had higher CRP levels:
W. E. Copeland, D. Wolke, S. T. Lereya, et al.,
“Childhood Bullying Involvement Predicts Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation into Adulthood,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States of America
111, no. 21 (May
27, 2014), 7570–75.
Other studies show that children who experience bullying:
W. E. Copeland, D. Wolke, A. Angold, et
al., “Adult Psychiatric Outcomes of Bullying and Being Bullied by Peers in Childhood and
Adolescence,”
JAMA Psychiatry
70, no. 4 (April 2013), 419–26.
Social pain, the kind that occurs if, say:
G. Novembre, M. Zanon, and G. Silani, “Empathy for Social
Exclusion Involves the Sensory-Discriminative Component of Pain: A Within-Subject fMRI Study,”
Social Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience
10, no. 2 (February 2015), 153–64.
In one study, which followed eight hundred kids:
P. E. Gustafsson, U. Janlert, T. Theorell et al., “Do
Peer Relations in Adolescence Influence Health in Adulthood? Peer Problems in the School Setting
and the Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Age,”
PLoS One
7, no. 6 (2012), e39385.
A recent SAFE survey found that:
Stomp Out Bullying, “About Bullying and Cyber Bullying,”
http://www.stompoutbullying.org/index.php/information-and-resources/about-bullying-and-
cyberbullying
(accessed January 14, 2015).
Almost half of all kids reported fearing:
Bullying Statistics, “School Bullying Statistics,”
http://www.bullyingstatistics.org/content/school-bullying-statistics.html
(accessed January 14, 2015).
Disturbingly, about 80 percent of all high school:
Ibid.
And over three-quarters of children who had emotional:
C. D. Bethell, P. Newacheck, E. Hawes,
et
al.
Adverse Childhood Experiences: Assessing the Impact on Health and School Engagement and the
Mitigating Role of Resilience.
Health Affairs
, 33, no. 12 (2014):2106-2115.
Other studies have shown that children with a single ACE Score are ten times:
N. J. Burke, J. L.
Hellman, B. G. Scott, et al., “The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on an Urban Pediatric
Population,” 35, no. 6 (June 2011), 408–13.
Teachers may suggest that these children be treated for ADHD:
Laura K. Kerr, PhD, “ADHD
Symptoms? Psychologists, Psychiatrists Should Consider Child Maltreatment as the Cause Before
Prescribing Meds” (March 6, 2013),
ACEsTooHigh.Org
,
http://acestoohigh.com/2013/03/06/adhd-
symptoms-psychologists-psychiatrists-should-consider-child-maltreatment-as-the-cause-before-
prescribing-meds/
(accessed January 14, 2015).
Recently, the American Psychological Association:
American Psychological Association, “American
Psychological Association Survey Shows Teen Stress Rivals That of Adults” (February 11, 2014),
http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2014/02/teen-stress.aspx
(accessed May 19, 2014).
It’s not surprising that, in the past decade, rates of “test anxiety”:
N. Von der Embse, J. Barterian,
and N. Segool, “Test Anxiety Interventions for Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of
Treatment Studies from 2000–2010,”
Psychology in the Schools
, Vol. 50, Issue 1(Hoboken, NJ:
Wiley Periodicals, Inc., 2013), 57-71. Authors write, “High-stakes tests have played an increasingly
important role in how student achievement and school effectiveness are measured. Test anxiety has
risen with the use of tests in educational decision making.” S. King, C. T. Chambers, A. Huguet, et
al., “The Epidemiology of Chronic Pain in Children and Adolescents Revisited: A Systematic
Review,”
Pain
152, no. 12 (December 2011), 2729–38.
Ruth Lanius, MD, PhD, is a neuroscientist and professor:
Ruth Lanius is also a coeditor of
The
Impact of Early Life Trauma on Health and Disease: The Hidden Epidemic
(New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2010).
People who lost a parent early in life experienced:
S. C. Bunce et al., “When Positive Becomes
Negative—ERP Evidence for Differential Processing of Affective Stimuli in Subjects with Parental
Loss,”
Psychophysiology
, 33 (1996), 26–26. Press release: “Unconscious Fear of Intimacy Linked to
Early Parental Loss,”
Michigan News
(May 21, 1997),
http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/1542-
unconscious-fear-of-intimacy-linked-to-early-parental-loss
(accessed 10, 2014).
Other research shows that kids who lost a parent:
J. Ellis, C. Dowrick, and M. Lloyd-Williams, “The
Long-Term Impact of Early Parental Death: Lessons from a Narrative Study,”
Journal of the Royal
Society of Medicine
106, no. 2 (February 2013), 57–67.
And this experience—being seen and known:
Linda Graham, MFT, talked about this in Clinical
Conversation at the Community Institute for Psychotherapy in a talk titled “The Neuroscience of
Attachment,” first presented Fall 2008. You can find a transcript of her talk here at,
http://lindagraham-mft.net/resources/published-articles/the-neuroscience-of-attachment/
(accessed
February 21, 2015).
Not surprisingly, these kids who’d had secure attachments:
In this study, researchers evaluated
parents’ interactions with children when they were very young. For the next twenty years, they
followed those children who had demonstrated secure attachment to their moms, as well as those
who’d shown less attachment. When the study participants became young adults, they were asked to
bring their romantic partners to the lab and discuss a topic they often disagreed about heatedly.
Couples argued with each other for ten minutes. For the four minutes following the argument,
researchers evaluated how able participants were to recover from their negative feelings and to put
the disagreement behind them. J. E. Salvatore, S. I. Kuo, R. D. Steele, et al., “Recovering from
Conflict in Romantic Relationships: A Developmental Perspective,”
Psychological Science
22, no. 3
(March 2011), 376–83.
Parents who were warm, consistent, not overreactive:
D. C. Kerr, D. M. Capaldi, K. C. Pears, et al.,
“A Prospective Three Generational Study of Fathers’ Constructive Parenting: Influences from Family
of Origin, Adolescent Adjustment, and Offspring Temperament,”
Developmental Psychology
45, no.
5 (September 2009), 1257–75.
But men who had enjoyed a good relationship:
M. H. Mallers, S. T. Charles, S. D. Neupert, et al.,
“Perceptions of Childhood Relationships with Mother and Father: Daily Emotional and Stressor
Experiences in Adulthood,”
Developmental Psychology
, 46, no. 6 (November 2010), 1651–61.
In a twenty-five-year study, researchers followed boys:
D. C. Kerr, D. M. Capaldi, K. C. Pears, et al.,
“A Prospective Three Generational Study of Fathers’ Constructive Parenting: Influences from Family
of Origin, Adolescent Adjustment, and Offspring Temperament,”
Developmental Psychology
45, no.
5 (September 2009), 1257–75.
As attachment researcher Louis Cozolino:
Louis J. Cozolino,
The Neuroscience of Human
Relationships: Attachment and the Developing Social Brain
(New York: Norton, 2006), 7.
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