The Permanente Journal
. 14, no. 1 (Spring 2010), 24–30, 29.
He suggested that Felitti set up:
This early history of events leading up to the development of the
Adverse Childhood Experiences Survey comes from an email exchange with Vincent J. Felitti, MD,
on February 2, 2015: “I presented my findings at a national obesity conference in Atlanta in 1990,
where I was attacked by the audience, but also met Dr. David Williamson from the CDC; this was
where the ACE Study began. Seated next to me at a speakers’ dinner, David Williamson said, ‘Look,
if what you’re saying is true, it has enormous importance for the nation as well as for the practice of
medicine. But no one is going to believe your 286 cases no matter how well you’ve studied them.
What we need is an epidemiologically sound study involving thousands of patients, and from a
general
population, not some unusual subset that you’ve accumulated in an obesity program.’ After a
moment’s reflection, I told David that I had such a place back in San Diego. Our Health Appraisal
Division of Kaiser Permanente’s Department of Preventive Medicine was providing unusually
comprehensive and standardized medical examination and evaluation to 58,000 adults a year. We
discussed how many were ‘enough’ and concluded that 26,000 would be a workable number. I was
then invited to speak at the CDC, and several senior CDC people came out to visit.” This early
history on Felitti’s experiences as a physician prior to developing the Adverse Childhood
Experiences Survey, both in the text of this book, and here, comes from email exchanges on February
2, 2015, as well as conversations with Vincent J. Felitti, MD, over the past two years.
After the interviews, each participant:
Robert F. Anda, MD, spent several years traveling back and
forth between Atlanta and San Diego, building and assembling the ACE questionnaire, and later
running the analysis of the ACE Study findings, with the help of a team he supervised at the CDC.
This early history on Anda’s development of the ACE questionnaire, survey, and findings comes
from a conversation with Robert F. Anda, MD, on April 8, 2015.
And 87 percent of those who answered yes:
V. J. Felitti and R. F. Anda, “The Relationship of
Adverse Childhood Experiences to Adult Medical Disease, Psychiatric Disorders, and Sexual
Behavior: Implications for Healthcare,” in
The Effects of Early Life Trauma on Health and Disease:
The Hidden Epidemic,
edited by R. Lanius, E. Vermetten, C. Pain (New York: Cambridge University
Press. 2010), 77.
Forty percent had experienced two or more:
Ibid.
Here, says Felitti, “was the missing piece”:
For more on Vincent J. Felitti and Robert F. Anda’s
original ACE Study and findings, see V. J. Felitti and R. F. Anda, “The Lifelong Effects of Adverse
Childhood Experiences,” in
Child Maltreatment: Sexual Abuse and Psychological Maltreatment
,
Vol. 2, edited by D. L. Chadwick, A. P. Giardino, R. Alexander, et al., (St. Louis, MO): STM
Learning, 2014), 203–15.
People with an ACE Score of 4 were twice as likely:
S. R. Dube, R. F. Anda, V. J. Felitti, et al.,
“Growing Up with Parental Alcohol Abuse: Exposure to Childhood Abuse, Neglect, and Household
Dysfunction,”
Child Abuse and Neglect
25, no. 12 (December 2001), 1627–40. Also see H. Larkin
and J. Records, “Adverse Childhood Experiences: Overview, Response Strategies and Integral
Theory Perspective” (2006): 13. This article originally appeared in the
Journal of Integral Theory
and
Practice
2,
issue
no.
3,
in
a
slightly
different
form;
onse.org/img/uploads/file/larkin_aces_final.pdf (accessed February 17, 2015).
An ACE Score of 6 and higher shortened:
D. W. Brown, R. F. Anda, et al., “Adverse Childhood
Experiences and the Risk of Premature Mortality,”
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
37, no.
5 (November 2009), 389–96.
Adults who faced early life stress show greater erosion:
I. Shalev, S. Entringer, P. D. Wadhwa, et al.,
“Stress and Telomere Biology: A Lifespan Perspective,”
Psychoneuroendocrinoogy
38, no. 9
(September 2013), 835–42. L. H. Price, H. T. Kao, D. E. Burgers, et al., “Telomeres and Early Life
Stress: An Overview,”
Biological Psychiatry
73, no. 1 (January 2013), 15–23.
For instance, children whose parents die:
M. Dong, W. H. Giles, V. J. Felitti, et al., “Insights into
Causal Pathways for Ischemic Heart Disease: Adverse Childhood Experiences Study,”
Circulation
110, no. 13 (September 28, 2004), 1761–66; D. W. Brown, R. F. Anda, V. J. Felitti, et al., “Adverse
Childhood Experiences Are Associated with the Risk of Lung Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study,”
BMC Public Health
19, no. 10 (January 2010), 20; R. Anda, G. Tietjen, E. Schulman, et al.,
“Adverse Childhood Experiences and Frequent Headaches in Adults,”
Headache
50, no. 9 (October
2010), 1473–81; R. D. Goodwin, M. B. Stein, “Association Between Childhood Trauma and Physical
Disorders Among Adults in the United States,”
Psychological Medicine
34, no. 3 (April 2004), 509–
20; S. R. Dube, D. Fairweather, W. S. Pearson, et al., “Cumulative Childhood Stress and
Autoimmune Diseases in Adults,”
Psychosomatic
Med
icine
71, no. 2 (February 2009), 243–50. For
more
on
the
relationship
between
ACE
Scores
and
specific
diseases,
see
http://www.cdc.gov/ace/outcomes.htm
(accessed February 19, 2013).
They are more likely to develop cancer or have:
M. A. Bellis, K. Hughes, N. Leckenby, et al.,
“Measuring Mortality and the Burden of Adult Disease Associated with Adverse Childhood
Experiences in England: A National Survey,”
Journal of Public Health
(Oxford), August 30, 2014.
Facing difficult circumstances in childhood increases:
C. Heim, U. M. Nater, E. Maloney, et al.,
“Childhood Trauma and Risk for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Association with Neuroendocrine
Dysfunction,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
66, no. 1 (January 2009), 72–80.
Kids who lose a
parent have triple the risk:
N. M. Melhem, M. Walker, G. Moritz et al., “Antecedents and Sequelae
of Sudden Parental Death in Offspring and Surviving Caregivers,”
Archives of Pediatrics and
Adolescent Medicine
162, no. 5 (May 2008), 403–10.
Children whose parents divorce are twice as likely:
“Is There a Link Between Parental Divorce
During Childhood and Stroke in Adulthood? Findings from a Population-Based Survey,” presented
by Esme Fuller-Thomson, PhD, and coauthored by Angela D. Dalton and Rukshan Mehta, on
November 22, 2010, at the Gerontological Society of America (GSA) 63rd Annual Scientific
Meeting. This paper is based on a representative community sample of more than 13,000 people from
the 2005 Canadian Community Health Survey.
The unifying principle of this:
To my knowledge, the concept that your biography becomes your
biology was introduced into the field of holistic health by Caroline Myss and used in her teachings
and books.
For instance, in 2014, researchers at the University of Cambridge:
N. D. Walsh, T. Dalgleish, M. V.
Lombardo, et al., “General and Specific Effects of Early Life Psychosocial Adversities on
Adolescent
Grey
Matter
Volume,”
NeuroImage:
Clinical
4
(2014):
308–18,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2014.01.001
.
Brain imaging of these same kids:
Ibid.
Because the CTQ lets respondents paint:
R. J. Herringa, R. M. Birn, P. L. Ruttle, et al., “Childhood
Maltreatment Is Associated with Altered Fear Circuitry and Increased Internalizing Symptoms by
Late Adolescence,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America
110, no. 47 (November 19, 2013), 19119–24.
As Felitti observes, the years of “infancy”:
V. J. Felitti and R. F. Anda, “The Relationship of
Adverse Childhood Experiences to Adult Health, Well-Being, Social Function, and Health Care,” in
The Effects of Early Life Trauma on Health and Disease: The Hidden Epidemic
, edited by R. Lanius,
E. Vermetten, C. Pain, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), Chapter 8.
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