Q U E S T I O N S
1. The Bank of Canada views the overnight interest rate
as the centrepiece of its monetary policy implemen-
tation. At 9:00 a.m. on the fixed action date, the Bank
announces an operating band of 50 basis points for
the overnight rate. The upper limit of the operating
band is the bank rate
the rate the Bank charges
LVTS participants that require an overdraft loan to
cover negative settlement balances. The lower limit
is the rate the Bank pays LVTS participants with pos-
itive settlement balances.
2. The Bank of Canada targets the value of the overnight
interest rate within its operating band, at the midpoint
of the band. In doing so, the Bank intervenes in the
overnight market using open-market buyback opera-
tions at the target rate. If the overnight rate is trading
above the target rate, the Bank uses repos in which it
purchases Government of Canada securities from
primary dealers with an agreement to resell them on
the next business day. If the overnight rate is too low
relative to the target rate, the Bank uses reverse repos
in which it sells Government of Canada securities to
primary dealers with an agreement to buy them back
on the next day.
3. The Bank uses government deposit shifting to neu-
tralize public sector flows that affect LVTS partici-
pants settlement balances this in effect is a cash
setting, a cash setting that is typically $25 million.
Because its holdings of Government of Canada secu-
rities are often much smaller than its monetary liabil-
ities, the Bank brings onto its balance sheet Exchange
Fund Account assets to back its liabilities. These
amounts are adjusted daily, depending on factors
such as the level of financial institution borrowings
and/or deposits.
4. In neutralizing the effects of open-market-buyback
operations and of public sector flows on the level of
settlement balances, and also in adjusting the level of
settlement balances, the Bank of Canada uses trans-
fers of government deposits (balances) between the
government s account at the Bank of Canada and the
government s accounts at the LVTS participants.
These transfers are effected by twice daily auctions
of federal government (Receiver General) balances,
the first at 9:15 a.m. (which are collateralized) and
the second at 4:15 p.m. (which are uncollateralized).
5. In normal times, the Bank of Canada relies mainly on
its traditional monetary policy tools
standing liq-
uidity facilities (lending and deposit facilities), settle-
ment balances management, and lender-of-last-
resort arrangements. At times of crisis, however, to
address market failure and financial instability the
Bank of Canada relies on discretionary liquidity
operations whose maturity depends on their objec-
tive, independent of the maturity of the reference
rate. For example, the Bank of Canada recently intro-
duced new facilities to address aggregate system liq-
uidity at times of financial instability
term PRAs and
term securities lending.
6. A supply and demand analysis of the market for
reserves in the United States yields the following
results. When the Fed makes an open market pur-
chase or lowers reserve requirements, the federal
funds rate declines. When the Fed makes an open
market sale or raises reserve requirements, the fed-
eral funds rate rises. Changes in the discount rate
may also affect the federal funds rate.
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