210
PA R T I I I
Financial Institutions
The financial crisis then took an even more virulent turn after the U.S. House of
Representatives, fearing the wrath of constituents who were angry about bailing
out Wall Street, voted down a US$700 billion bailout package proposed by the
Bush administration on Monday, September 29, 2008. The Emergency Economic
Stabilization Act was finally passed on Friday, October 3. The stock market crash
accelerated, with the week beginning on October 6 showing the worst weekly
decline in U.S. history. Credit spreads went through the roof over the next three
weeks, with the U.S. Treasury bill-to-Eurodollar rate spread going to over 450 basis
points (4.50 percentage points), the highest value in its history (see Figure 9-2).
The crisis then spread to Europe with a string of failures of financial institutions.
The increased uncertainty from the failures of so many financial institutions, the
deterioration in financial institutions balance sheets, and the decline in the stock
market of over 40% from its peak all increased the severity of adverse selection
and moral hazard problems in the credit markets. The resulting decline in lending
led to the U.S. unemployment rate rising to 7% by the end of 2008, with worse
likely to come. The financial crisis led to a slowing of economic growth worldwide
and massive government bailouts of financial institutions (see the Global box, The
U.S. Treasury Asset Relief Plan and Government Bailouts Throughout the World).
The subprime mortgage crisis in the United States dominated news headlines, but
there is also the Canadian version of subprime mortgages. High-risk, long-term
(40-year), zero-down mortgages proliferated in Canada in 2007 and 2008 after the
Conservative government opened up the Canadian mortgage market to big U.S.
players in its first budget in May of 2006. This created the Canadian version of sub-
prime mortgages. How did Canadian regulators allow the entry into Canada of
U.S.-style subprime mortgages?
The Canadian mortgage insurance market is the second largest and one of the
most lucrative mortgage insurance markets in the world. For over 50 years, since
revisions in the National Housing Act and the Bank Act in 1954 allowed chartered
banks to make insured mortgage loans, the business of mortgage insurance was
mainly the domain of the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC).
CMHC insured the mortgages of those home buyers that could not make a 25%
down payment, charging them an insurance premium, with the federal govern-
ment backing the CMHC s insurance policies with a 100% federal guarantee.
In May of 2006, however, after years of orchestrated lobbying the Department
of Finance and Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions by U.S. insur-
ance companies, the government allowed big U.S. players such as AIG to enter the
Canadian mortgage insurance market and also committed to guarantee their busi-
ness up to $200 billion. In February of 2006, in an attempt to protect its business
in anticipation of the entry of the big U.S. insurers, CMHC announced that it would
insure 30-year mortgages. Two weeks later, Genworth Mortgage Insurance Co., the
Canadian mortgage subsidiary of the U.S. conglomerate General Electric and the
only other (private) mortgage insurer in Canada at that time (with an estimated
market share of about 30%), announced that it would insure 35-year mortgages.
By October of 2006, AIG, CMHC, and Genworth were competing in the Canadian
mortgage insurance market by insuring 40-year mortgages.
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