1
2
F I G U R E 2 3 - 5
Response of Aggregate Output and the Interest Rate to an Expansionary
Fiscal Policy
Expansionary fiscal policy (a rise in government spending or a decrease in taxes) shifts the
IS
curve to the right from
IS
1
to
IS
2
; the economy moves to point 2, aggregate output increases
to
Y
2
, and the interest rate rises to
i
2
.
604
PA R T V I I
Monetary Theory
TA B L E 2 3 - 1
Effects from Factors That Shift the
IS
and
LM
Curves
Autonomous
Change in
Factor
Factor
Response
Reason
Consumer
Y
,
i
C
*
Y
ad
*
expenditure,
C
IS
shifts right
Investment,
I
Y
,
i
I
*
Y
ad
*
IS
shifts right
Government
Y
,
i
G
*
Y
ad
*
spending,
G
IS
shifts right
Taxes,
T
Y
+
,
i
+
T
*
C
+ *
Y
ad
+ *
IS
shifts left
Net exports,
NX
Y
,
i
NX
*
Y
ad
*
IS
shifts right
Money
Y
,
i
+
M
s
*
i
+ *
supply,
M
s
LM
shifts right
Money
Y
+
,
i
M
d
*
i
*
demand,
M
d
LM
shifts left
Note:
Only increases (
,
) in the factors are shown; the effect of decreases in the factors would be the opposite of those
indicated in the Response column.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
i
1
i
2
LM
1
Y
1
Y
2
IS
1
LM
2
i
2
i
1
Y
1
Y
2
IS
1
LM
1
i
2
i
1
Y
1
Y
2
IS
1
IS
2
LM
1
LM
1
i
2
i
1
Y
1
Y
2
IS
1
LM
2
LM
1
i
2
i
1
Y
1
Y
2
IS
1
IS
2
LM
1
i
2
i
1
Y
1
Y
2
IS
1
IS
2
LM
1
i
2
i
1
Y
1
Y
2
IS
1
IS
2
IS
2
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
C H A P T E R 2 3
Monetary and Fiscal Policy in the
ISLM
Model
605
The Policy Mix and German Unification
A P P L I C AT I O N
So far we have looked at fiscal and monetary policy in isolation and showed how
each one works. In practice, however, fiscal and monetary policies are used
together and the combination of the two is known as the
policy mix
.
For example, following the 1990 unification of West Germany and East Germany,
the German government sharply increased government spending and transfers in
order to revive eastern Germany. In terms of the
ISLM
model of Figure 23-6, this
resulted in a large rightward shift of the
IS
curve from
IS
1
to
IS
2
and moved the
German economy from point 1 to point 2, thereby raising aggregate output.
The German central bank (Bundesbank) saw these developments and feared
that they would result in inflation. The Bundesbank concluded that economic
activity should be slowed and adopted accordingly a tight monetary policy. In
terms of the
ISLM
model of Figure 23-6, it shifted the
LM
curve to the left from
LM
1
to
LM
2
in order to increase interest rates and slow down the level of activ-
ity. Thus, the policy mix moved the German economy to point 3 and resulted in
fast growth (from the fiscal expansion) and high interest rates (from the tight
monetary policy).
In fact, due to its financial leadership the Bundesbank was accused of forcing
interest rates to higher levels than they might otherwise have been in Europe as
well as in the rest of the world.
F I G U R E 2 3 - 6
The Policy Mix and German Unification
The fiscal expansion led to a rightward shift of the
IS
curve from
IS
1
to
IS
2
and moved the
German economy from point 1 to point 2, thereby raising both the interest rate and aggregate
output. The Bundesbank s tight money policy led to a leftward shift of the
LM
curve from
LM
1
to
LM
2
and moved the economy to point 3. Thus, the policy mix resulted in fast growth and
high interest rates.
Interest Rate,
i
i
2
i
3
i
1
Y
1
Y
2
Y
3
LM
1
LM
2
IS
1
IS
2
Aggregate Output,
Y
1
2
3
606
PA R T V I I
Monetary Theory
The
ISLM
model developed so far in this chapter shows that both monetary and
fiscal policy affect the level of aggregate output. To understand when monetary
policy is more effective than fiscal policy, we will examine a special case of the
ISLM
model in which money demand is unaffected by the interest rate (money
demand is said to be interest-inelastic) so that monetary policy affects output but
fiscal policy does not.
Consider the slope of the
LM
curve if the demand for money is unaffected by
changes in the interest rate. If point 1 in panel (a) of Figure 23-7 is such that the
quantity of money demanded equals the quantity of money supplied, then it is
Monetary
Policy Versus
Fiscal Policy:
The Cases of
Complete
Crowding Out
i
2
i
1
Y
1
IS
1
IS
2
Interest
Rate,
i
Interest
Rate,
i
i
2
i
1
Y
1
LM
1
IS
1
Aggregate Output,
Y
(b) Response to
expansionary
monetary policy
(a) Response to
expansionary
fiscal policy
LM
2
Y
2
2
2
1
LM
1
Aggregate Output,
Y
1
F I G U R E 2 3 - 7
Effectiveness of Monetary and Fiscal Policy When Money Demand Is
Unaffected by the Interest Rate
When the demand for money is unaffected by the interest rate, the
LM
curve is vertical.
In panel (a), an expansionary fiscal policy (increase in government spending or a cut
in taxes) shifts the
IS
curve from
IS
1
to
IS
2
and leaves aggregate output unchanged at
Y
1
. In
panel (b), an increase in the money supply shifts the
LM
curve from
LM
1
to
LM
2
and
raises aggregate output from
Y
1
to
Y
2
. Therefore, monetary policy is effective, but fiscal
policy is not.
on the
LM
curve. If the interest rate rises to, say,
i
2
, the quantity of money
demanded is unaffected, and it will continue to equal the
unchanged
quantity of
money supplied only if aggregate output remains
unchanged
at
Y
1
(point 2).
Equilibrium in the market for money will occur at the same level of aggregate out-
put regardless of the interest rate, and the
LM
curve will be vertical, as shown in
both panels of Figure 23-7.
Suppose that the economy is suffering from a high rate of unemployment,
which policymakers try to eliminate with either expansionary fiscal or monetary
policy. Panel (a) depicts what happens when an expansionary fiscal policy
(increase in government spending or cut in taxes) is implemented, shifting the
IS
curve to the right from
IS
1
to
IS
2
. As you can see in panel (a), the fiscal expansion
has no effect on output; aggregate output remains at
Y
1
when the economy moves
from point 1 to point 2.
In our earlier analysis, expansionary fiscal policy always increased aggregate
demand and raised the level of output. Why doesn t that happen in panel (a)? The
answer is that because the
LM
curve is vertical, the rightward shift of the
IS
curve
raises the interest rate to
i
2
, which causes investment spending and net exports to fall
enough to offset completely the increased spending of the expansionary fiscal
policy. Put another way, increased spending that results from expansionary
fiscal policy has
crowded out
investment spending and net exports, which decrease
because of the rise in the interest rate. This situation in which expansionary fiscal
policy does not lead to a rise in output is frequently referred to as a case of
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