interest rate is above its equilibrium level, so the demand for money is less than
the supply. Because people have more money than they want to hold, they will
try to get rid of it by buying bonds. The resulting rise in bond prices causes a fall
in interest rates, which in turn causes both planned investment spending and net
exports to rise, and thus aggregate output rises. The economy then moves down
along the
IS
curve, and the process continues until the interest rate falls to
i
* and
aggregate output rises to
Y
*
that is, until the economy is at equilibrium point E.
If the economy is on the
LM
curve but off the
IS
curve at point B, it will also head
toward the equilibrium at point E. At point B, even though money demand equals
money supply, output is higher than the equilibrium level and exceeds aggregate
demand. Firms are unable to sell all their output, and unplanned inventory accumu-
lates, prompting them to cut production and lower output. The decline in output
means that the demand for money will fall, lowering interest rates. The economy
then moves down along the
LM
curve until it reaches equilibrium point E.
We have finally developed a model, the
ISLM
model, which tells us how both
interest rates and aggregate output are determined when the price level is fixed.
Although we have demonstrated that the economy will head toward an aggregate
output level of
Y
*, there is no reason to assume that at this level of aggregate output
the economy is at full employment. If the unemployment rate is too high, govern-
ment policymakers might want to increase aggregate output to reduce it. The
ISLM
apparatus indicates that they can do this by manipulating monetary and fiscal policy.
We will conduct an
ISLM
analysis of how monetary and fiscal policy can affect eco-
nomic activity in the next chapter.
C H A P T E R 2 2
The
ISLM
Model
593
1. In the simple Keynesian framework in which the price
level is fixed, output is determined by the equilibrium
condition in the goods market that aggregate output
equals aggregate demand. Aggregate demand equals
the sum of consumer expenditure, planned investment
spending, government spending, and net exports.
Consumer expenditure is described by the consump-
tion function, which indicates that consumer expendi-
ture will rise as disposable income increases. Keynes s
analysis shows that aggregate output is positively
related
to
autonomous
consumer
expenditure,
planned investment spending, government spending,
and net exports and negatively related to the level of
taxes. A change in any of these factors leads, through
the expenditure multiplier, to a multiple change in
aggregate output.
2. The
ISLM
model determines aggregate output and the
interest rate for a fixed price level using the
IS
and
LM
curves. The
IS
curve traces the combinations of the
interest rate and aggregate output for which the goods
market is in equilibrium, and the
LM
curve traces the
combinations for which the market for money is in
equilibrium. The
IS
curve slopes downward because
higher interest rates lower planned investment spend-
ing and so lower equilibrium output. The
LM
curve
slopes upward because higher aggregate output raises
the demand for money and so raises the equilibrium
interest rate.
3. The simultaneous determination of output and inter-
est rates occurs at the intersection of the
IS
and
LM
curves, where both the goods market and the mar-
ket for money are in equilibrium. At any other level
of interest rates and output, at least one of the mar-
kets will be out of equilibrium, and forces will move
the economy toward the general equilibrium point at
the intersection of the
IS
and
LM
curves.
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