Problem 1: Failing to Start Focusing (aka
Procrastinating)
The first problem that many people have is starting to focus. The most
obvious way this manifests itself is when you procrastinate: instead of doing
the thing you’re supposed to, you work on something else or slack off. For
some people, procrastination is the constant state of their lives, running away
from one task to another until deadlines force them to focus and then having
to struggle to get the job done on time. Other people struggle with more acute
forms of procrastination that manifest themselves with particular kinds of
tasks. I was more like this second kind of person, where there were certain
types of activities I would spend all day procrastinating on. Though I have no
problems writing essays for my blog, when I had to do research for this book,
I dragged my feet. Similarly, I had no problem sitting and watching the
videos of MIT classes, but I always tackled the first problem sets with
considerable trepidation. Had it not been for the intense schedule I was on, I
might have found excuses to avoid doing so for much longer. In fact, writing
this chapter was one of the tasks I procrastinated on a great deal.
Why do we procrastinate? The simple answer is that at some level there’s a
craving that drives you to do something else, there’s an aversion to doing the
task itself, or both. In my case, I procrastinated on writing this chapter
because I had a lot of ideas and I was unsure where to start. My anxiety was
that by committing something to paper, there was a good chance I might end
up writing it poorly. Silly, I know. But most motives to procrastinate are silly
when you verbalize them, yet that doesn’t stop them from ruling your life.
Which brings me to the first step to overcoming procrastination: recognize
when you are procrastinating.
Much procrastination is unconscious. You’re procrastinating, but you don’t
internalize it that way. Instead you’re “taking a much-needed break” or
“having fun, because life can’t always be about work all the time.” The
problem isn’t those beliefs. The problem is when they’re used to cover up the
actual behavior—you don’t want to do the thing you need to be focusing on,
either because you are directly averse to doing it or because there’s
something else you want to do more. Recognizing that you’re procrastinating
is the first step to avoiding it.
Make a mental habit of every time you procrastinate; try to recognize that
you are feeling some desire not to do that task or a stronger desire to do
something else. You might even want to ask yourself which feeling is more
powerful in that moment—is the problem more that you have a strong urge to
do a different activity (e.g., eat something, check your phone, take a nap) or
that you have a strong urge to avoid the thing you should be doing because
you imagine it will be uncomfortable, painful, or frustrating? This awareness
is necessary for progress to be made, so if you feel as though procrastination
is a weakness of yours, make building this awareness your first priority
before you try to fix the problem.
Once you can easily and automatically recognize your tendency to
procrastinate, when it occurs, you can take steps to resist the impulse. One
way is to think in terms of a series of “crutches” or mental tools that can help
you get through some of the worst parts of your tendency to procrastinate. As
you get better about taking action on the project you’re working on, these
crutches can be changed or gotten rid of altogether when procrastination is no
longer a problem.
A first crutch comes from recognizing that most of what is unpleasant in a
task (if you are averse to it) or what is pleasant about an alternative task (if
you’re drawn to distraction) is an impulse that doesn’t actually last that long.
If you actually start working or ignore a potent distractor, it usually only
takes a couple minutes until the worry starts to dissolve, even for fairly
unpleasant tasks. Therefore, a good first crutch is to convince yourself to get
over just the few minutes of maximal unpleasantness before you take a break.
Telling yourself that you need to spend only five minutes on the task before
you can stop and do something else is often enough to get you started. After
all, almost anyone can endure five minutes of anything, no matter how
boring, frustrating, or difficult it may be. However, once you start, you may
end up continuing for longer without wanting to take the break.
As you progress, your first crutch may start to get in the way. You may
find yourself starting but then, because the task is unpleasant and focus is
hard, taking advantage of the five-minute rule too often to be productive. If
this is the case and your problem has switched from being unable to get
started to taking breaks too often, you can try something a little harder, say
the Pomodoro Technique: twenty-five minutes of focus followed by a five-
minute break.
*
Keep in mind that it’s essential not to switch to a harder goal
when you’re still mostly impeded by an earlier problem. If you still can’t start
working, even with the five-minute rule, switching to harder and more
demanding crutches may backfire.
In some cases, the moment of frustration may not come at the beginning,
but still be predictable. When I was learning Chinese characters through flash
cards, for instance, I’d always feel an urge to give up whenever I couldn’t
remember the answer to one of my cards. I knew this feeling was temporary,
however, so I added a rule for myself: I can only quit when I’ve remembered
the most recent card correctly. In practice, the cards were quick, so this
usually only took an extra twenty or thirty seconds of persistence; however,
my patience for doing flash cards went up dramatically as a result.
Eventually, if working on your project is not troubled by extreme
procrastination, you may want to switch to using a calendar on which you
carve out specific hours of your day in advance to work on the project. This
approach allows you to make the best use of your limited time. However, it
works only if you actually follow it. If you find yourself setting a daily
schedule with chunked hours and then frequently ignore it to do something
else, go back to the start and try building back up again with the five-minute
rule and then the Pomodoro Technique.
Eventually, you may reach Mary Somerville’s level of focus, one that she
could activate on a moment-to-moment basis, making a decision as to
whether she had time to spare. Despite her formidable capacity for focus, it
seems that even Somerville would deliberately block out time for the study of
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