Her first husband,
Samuel Greig, was strongly against learning in women.
Yet despite those obstacles, Somerville’s accomplishments were vast. She
won awards in mathematics, learned several languages to fluency, and knew
how to paint and play the piano. In 1835, she, along with the German
astronomer Caroline Herschel, were the first women elected to the Royal
Astronomical Society. The accomplishment that eventually brought her fame
was her translation and expansion of the first two volumes of Pierre-Simon
Laplace’s
Traité de mécanique céleste
, a massive five-volume work on the
theory of gravitation and advanced mathematics, acclaimed as the greatest
intellectual achievement since Isaac Newton wrote the
Principia
Mathematica
. Laplace himself commented that Somerville was the only
woman in the world who understood his work.
The easiest explanation for the vast discrepancy in Somerville’s situation
and her accomplishments would be genius. It is no doubt true that she
possessed an incredibly sharp mind. Her daughter once commented that while
she was being taught, her mother could grow impatient. “I well remember her
slender white hand pointing impatiently to the book or slate—‘Don’t you see
it? There is no difficulty in it, it is quite clear.’” However, in reading through
her descriptions of her life, this seeming genius was beset by many
insecurities. She claimed to have “bad memory,” recounted struggles learning
new things as a child, and had even at one point “thought [herself] too old to
learn to speak a foreign language.” Whether that was polite modesty or
genuine feelings of inadequacy, we cannot know, but it does at least put
cracks in the idea that she approached learning from a place of unshakable
confidence and talent.
Peering deeper, another picture of Somerville emerges. She had a keen
intellect, yes, but what she possessed in even greater quantities was an
exceptional ability to focus. As an adolescent, when she was put to bed and
denied a candle for reading, she would mentally work through the works of
Euclid in mathematics. While still breastfeeding her child, an acquaintance
encouraged her to study botany, so she devoted “an hour of study to that
science” every morning. Even during her greatest achievement, the
translation and expansion of Laplace’s
Traité de mécanique céleste
, she had
to carry out all the household duties of raising children, cooking, and
cleaning. “I was always supposed to be at home,” she explains, “and my
friends and acquaintances came so far out of their way on purpose to see me,
it would have been unkind and ungenerous not to receive them. Nevertheless,
I was sometimes annoyed when in the midst of a difficult problem one would
enter and say, ‘I have come to spend a few hours with you.’ However, I learnt
by habit to leave a subject and resume it again at once, like putting a mark
into a book I might be reading.”
In the realm of great intellectual accomplishments an ability to focus
quickly and deeply is nearly ubiquitous. Albert Einstein focused so intensely
during his formulation of the general theory of relativity that he developed
stomach problems. The mathematician Paul Erdős was a heavy user of
amphetamines to increase his capacity for focus. When a friend bet him that
he could not give them up, even for a short time, he did manage to do so.
Later, however, he complained that the only result had been that mathematics
as a whole was set back a month in his unfocused absence. In these annals of
extreme focus, one often conjures up an image of solitary geniuses laboring
away without distraction, free from worldly concerns. However remarkable
this is, I’m more interested in the kind of focus that Somerville seemed to
possess. How can one in an environment such as hers, with constant
distractions, little social support, and continuous obligations, manage to focus
long enough not only to learn an impressive breadth of subjects, but to such
depths that the French mathematician Siméon Poisson once remarked that
“there were not twenty men in France who could read [her] book”?
How did Somerville become so good at focusing? What can we glean from
her strategies in getting difficult mental work done in less-than-ideal
conditions? The struggles with focus that people have generally come in three
broad varieties: starting,
sustaining, and optimizing the quality of one’s focus.
Ultralearners are relentless in coming up with solutions to handle these three
problems, which form the basis of an ability to focus well and learn deeply.
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