5.4. Cu NP on carbon quantum dots catalyzed C-H
oxidation of cyclohexane
Huang and Liu reports the C-H oxidation reaction of
cyclohexane in presence of copper nanoparticles/carbon
quantum dots (Cu/CQDs) hybrids as photocatalysts in the
presence of
tert
-butyl hydroperoxide as oxidant.
[39a]
The
CQDs were synthesis electrochemically by parallel array of
graphite rods as the counter-electrodes in water at a static
potential of 30 V for 120 hours. The dark yellow solution was
filtered and centrigured. The resulting supernatant solution
was added to Cu(NO
3
)
2
followed by sodium borohydride
reduction to afford the gray-blue colored Cu/CQD hybrids.
These particles were found to be well dispersed with the size
in the range of 4-7 nm with lattice spacing of 0.212 nm.
Further, the lattice pitch at 0.208 nm indicated (111)
crystallographic plane of Cu indicating the formation of
Cu/CQDs hybrids. This was further confirmed by surface
enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Raman signal of
Cu/CQDs is higher than that of CQDs. The UV-Visible
absorbance spectra of Cu/CQDs hybrids (red line) also
indicated the presence of two strong absorption peaks located
around 230 nm and around 520-640 nm indicating typical
aromatic π absorbance bands in addition to surface plasmon
resonance of Cu NPs. The photocatalytic activity was
observed under visible light after 48 hours, the conversion of
cyclohexane to cyclohexanone reached 50.2% with the
selectivity of 78.3% with TOF of 246.1. In the absence of
light, the conversion was only 4.9% with selectivity of 73.3%
respectively indicating the hybrids are efficient catalysts
under visible light. Independent C-H oxidation reactions with
CQDs, Cu NPs, physical mixing of Cu/CQDs did not increase
the conversion. Highest conversion was observed at 620 nm
(red light) that matches the surface plasma resonance zone of
Cu NPs (540-640 nm). Mechanistically the reaction proceeds
through the formation of hydroxyl radical (HO
.
) while the
CQD provides the redox platform and CuNPs and CQDs play
synergistic role for the oxidation of cyclohexane. The
formation of reactive intermediates like hydroxyl radical was
confirmed
by
radical
scavenging
experiments
like
benzquinamide, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate and
tert
-butanol. The reaction did not require high temperature
and pressure and the raw materials for the synthesis of
Cu/CQDs are mild, cheap and have opportunity for scale up.
With the introduction of robust photo-catalysts, it is hoped
that the conversion would be almost quantitative.
Further, copper nanoparticles immobilized on the magnetic
chitosan of the size 5-10 nm are employed in the synthesis of
amino- and
N
-sulfonyl tetrazoles in water as solvent.
[39b]
Thus
copper catalysts have shown the possibility of running
organic reactions at the lower cost that favour mild reaction
conditions.
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