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If I had ... , if we went ... .
Dan likes fast cars but he doesn’t have one.
He doesn’t have enough money.
If he had enough money, he would buy a fast car.
IF
I
you
it
they
had / went (etc.),
didn’t have / go (etc.),
was / were (etc.),
could (etc.),
I
you
it
they
would(n’t)
could(n’t)
buy ...
be ...
have ...
go ...
• If he had the money, he would buy a car. (If ... at the beginning)
or He would buy a car if he had the money. (... if ... in the middle)
I would = I’d she would = she’d they would = they’d etc.:
• I don’t know Italian. If I knew Italian, I’d not ask you to help
me to understand this instruction.
• I like that jacket but it is very expensive. I’d buy it if it wasn’t
so expensive.
• I’m sorry I can’t help you. I’d help you if I could.
• I don’t know the answer. If I knew the answer, I’d tell you.
• If she had more experience, she wouldn’t spend so much time
on this work.
If (I) was / were ...
You can say: if (I / he / she / it) was or were ... :
• It’s cold. If I were you, I’d put your coat on. (or If I was you ...)
• The mother would let the children go out and skate if the day
were good now. (or if the day was ... )
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Compare:
if I have / if it is etc.
I must go and see Ann.
If I have time, I will go today.
(= perhaps I’ll have time, so
perhaps I’ll go)
if I had / if it was etc.
I must go and see Ann.
If I had time, I would go today.
(= I don’t have time today so
I will not go)
EXERCISES
10.7. Put the verb in the correct form.
1. If
he had
the money, he would buy a fast car. (he / have)
2. Jane likes living in a city. She wouldn’t be happy if
she lived
in the country. (she / live)
3. If I wanted to learn Italian, .............................. to Italy. (I / go)
4. What would you do if ....................... an investigator? (you / be)
5. It is not a very good car. ............ it if I were you. (I / not / drive)
6. ................ punished if you were more obedient. (You / not / be)
10.8. Complete the sentences. Use your own ideas.
1. I’d go to the dentist if
I had a toothache.
2. If I could go anywhere in the world, ..........................................
3. I wouldn’t be late if ..................................................................
4. I’d lend you some money if .......................................................
5. If I saw him before .....................................................................
6. The world would be a better place if .........................................
Who, that, which.
I met a woman. She can speak six languages. 2 sentences
she who
I met a woman who can speak six languages. 1 sentences
Jim was wearing a hat. It was too big for him.
2 sentences
it that or which
Jim was wearing a hat that was too big for him.
1 sentences
or
Jim was wearing a hat which was too big for him.
1 sentences
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who is for people (not things):
A thief is a person
Do you know anybody
The person
The people
who steals things.
who can speak French?
who saw the victim last
who work in the office
is his brother.
are very friendly.
that is for things or people:
This is the knife
Meet me at place
The people
that was left at the crime scene.
that you did yesterday.
that work in the office
are very
friendly.
You can use that for people, but who is more usual.
which is for things (not people):
This is the knife
The case
which was left at the crime scene.
which you learn
is difficult.
Do not use which for people:
• The person who said the last sentence is Hob. (not ‘the person
which’)
It is (was) ... that (who)
It is the Ministry of Internal Affairs that maintains public order.
It is an investigator who solves crimes.
It was the operative worker who apprehended that robber.
It is this Academy that trains qualified specialists for the organs
of Internal Affairs.
EXERCISES
10.9. Make one sentence from two.
1. (A man is going into the bank. He is a suspicious person.)
The
man who is going into the bank is a suspicious person.
2. (A boy played tennis with my son. He lives not far from the
stadium.)
The boy
……………….
not far from the stadium.
3. (I liked the story. Margaret told it.) .............................................
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4.
(The bicycle was for my birthday. My Uncle Albert sent it.).......
5. (A woman spoke to me. She asked the way to the city centre.) ...
6. (Some students took the exam. Most of them passed.) ...............
7. (A policeman stopped our car. He wasn’t very friendly.) ............
10.10. Put
in
who
or
which
.
1. I met a woman
who
can speak six languages.
2. I enjoyed the book about the history of England, .......................
you gave me for my birthday.
3. You need a person ..................... is a good lawyer and can give
you his advice.
4. Where is the picture ........................ was hanging on the wall?
5. You always ask questions ....................... are difficult to answer.
7. Why does he always wear clothes ........................ are too small
for him?
8. The man ................... commits a crime is a criminal.
9. Read the article ...................... is on page 21.
TEXT
United States of America
The United States of America is a constitutional federal republic
comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated
mostly in central North America. Its forty-eight states and
Washington, D.C. lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. It is
bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of
Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to its east and
Russia to the west across the Bering Strait, and the state of Hawaii is
an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The United States also possesses
several territories, or insular areas, scattered around the Caribbean and
Pacific.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million kmІ) and with over 300
million
people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total
area, and third largest by land area and by population.
The nation was founded by thirteen colonies of Great Britain
located along the Atlantic seaboard. Proclaiming themselves "states,"
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they issued the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. A
federal convention adopted the current United States Constitution on
September 17, 1787; its ratification the following year made the states
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