Vocabulary
catch one’s train – poyezdiga ulgurmoq
in time – (ayni) vaqtida
due to leave – jo‘nashi kerak
reserve a seat – oldindan joy olib qo‘ymoq
ticket office – chiptalar sotish shoxobchasi
clip – qirqib olmoq; kesib olmoq
platform – platforma
porter – hammol, yuk tashuvchi
luggage – yuk
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compartment – yo‘lovchilar bo‘linmasi, kupe
carriage – arava
buffet car – vagon-restoran
case – jamadon
luggage rack – yuk javoni
move off – jo‘namoq, qo‘zg‘almoq
ticket inspector – chipta tekshiruvchi
change trains – boshqa poyezdga chiqmoq
direct – to‘g‘ri
pull into – yetib kelmoq
get off – tushmoq
10.11. What is the word or expression for:
1. The place where you buy your ticket
2. The man who looks at the tickets on the train
3. The place where you can buy drinks
4. Not early or late
10.12. Make up a dialogue “At a railway station”.
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U N I T E L E V E N
Grammar: 1. I have done (present perfect). 2. Prepositions
since, for. 3. Conjunctions whom, whose, what,
as soon as, as, that’s why, therefore.
Text: U.S. Government.
Conversational practice: At the Airport.
I have done (present perfect)
Andrew ’s shoes are dirty.
He is cleaning his shoes.
He has cleaned his shoes. (= his shoes are clean now)
The present perfect is have (has) + past participle:
past participle
I
We
You
They
have (’ve)
.
have not (haven’t)
cleaned
finished
started
studied
regular
verbs
positive
and
negative
He
She
It
has (’s)
has not (hasn’t)
done
been
gone
irregular
verbs
past participle
Have
I
we
you
they
cleaned?
finished?
started?
studied?
regular
verbs
question
Has
he
she
it
done?
been?
gone?
irregular
verbs
We use the present perfect for an action in the past with a result now:
• I’ve lost my passport. (= I can’t find my passport now)
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• “Where is Klara?” “He has gone out.”
• We’ve bought a new car. (= we have a new car now)
• Can I take this magazine? Have you finished with it?
• I can’t find my text–book. Somebody has taken it.
just = a short time ago
- Are your parents at home?
- Yes, they’ve just arrived.
- Are you hungry?
- No, I’ve just had dinner.
- Is Tom here?
- No, I’m afraid he’s just gone. (= he has just gone)
already = before a particular time; before expected
- What time are your parents coming?
- They’ve already arrived. (before you expected)
- Do you have any problems with those exercises?
- No, I’ve already finished them.
yet = until now
You can use yet in negative sentences and questions. Yet is usually at
the end.
- Are your parents here?
- No, they haven’t arrived yet.
- Have your parents arrived yet?
- No, not yet. I’m still waiting for them.
Have you ever ... ?
We use the present perfect (have been / have had / have played etc.)
when we talk about a time from the past until now.
• “Have you been to London?” (in your life) “No, I haven’t.”
• I’ve been to Turkey but I haven’t been to Greece.
• He has committed many petty thefts but he hasn’t been
imprisoned.
• “Have you seen this man before?” “Yes, I have seen him once.”
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present perfect + ever (in questions) and never:
• “Has she ever been to England?” “Yes, twice.” (twice = two
times)
• “Have you ever driven a car?” “Yes, I often drive my father’s
car.”
• I’ve never ridden a horse.
• My grandmother has never traveled by air.
gone and been
• Alisher has gone to Moscow. (= he is in Moscow now)
•
Batir has been to London. (= he went to London but now he is back)
How long have you . . . ?
- How long has he been in London?
- He has been in London since Monday.
- How long has Mark lived in London?
- He has lived there for three years.
- How long have you known him?
- I’ve known him for a long time.
Prepositions since, for.
since + a time in the past (to now)
since Monday since 1999 since 2.30 since I arrived
Use since after the present perfect (have been / have done etc.):
• John is at the crime scene. He has been there since 9 o’clock.
• Mr. and Mrs. Kelly have been married since 1987.
• It has been raining since I arrived.
Compare:
• We lived in Glasgow from 1990 to 2000.
We lived in Glasgow until 2000.
• Now we live in Tashkent. We came to Tashkent in 2000.
We have lived in Tashkent since 1990. (= from 1990 until now)
We use for (not since) + a period of time (two days / ten years etc.):
• John has been in hospital for three days. (not ‘since three days’)
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for + a period of time
for three days for ten years for two weeks for a long time
• The police detected the criminal for two weeks.
• I’m going away for a few days.
• This tree has been here for two hundred years.
• They have been married for ten years.
• He will stay here for a week; then he will leave.
EXERCISES
11.6. Complete the sentences with a verb from the list
: forget, see, tell, see,
break, read, go, bring.
1. It’s Neil’s birthday today and her father
has brought
a
camera for her.
2. I’m looking for our commander. ................ you .................him?
3. I’m sorry, I ................................ to buy the book that you need.
4. How many times ........... she ............ to the theatre this month?
5. Bob ......................... many interesting films this week.
6. ................................. seven good books this year.
7. Look! Somebody ................................. that window.
8. ‘Does your chief know that you are ill?’ ‘Yes, I ................. him.
11.7.
Write the negative responses. Use the present perfect with
already, yet,
just, never.
1. You must do this exercise now.
I’ve done it already.
2. You were in Samarkand last month, weren’t you? (never) ........
3. Why didn’t you do your lessons? (already) ................................
4. You say Bill hasn’t returned your camera. (just) .......................
5. I saw you at the library this morning. (yet) ................................
6. I think you have translated all the text. (yet) ..............................
7. I know you haven’t had dinner today. (already) .........................
11.8. Put
in
for
or
since
.
1. Richard lived in Russia
for
eleven years.
2. Richard has lived in Uzbekistan
since
1995.
3. Richard has lived in Uzbekistan ...................... five years.
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4. Alice has lived in England ......................... thirteen years.
5. Alice has lived in England ............................ 1987.
6. Andrew worked at the CID ............................ five years.
7. Andrew has worked at a district court ................. three years.
8. Andrew has worked at a district court............................. 1997.
9. Gerry was a teacher .................... two years.
10. Gerry has been a driver ........................ 1998.
11. Gerry has been a driver ....................... two years.
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