Fundamentals of Management, 8th ed

Outliers (Gladwell), 21

outsourcing, 477

overall cost leadership strategy, 75

owners, 41–42

P

participation

change and, 198

motivation and, 307

participative leader behavior, 339

path-goal theory, 338–340

defined, 338

framework for, 340f

leader behavior and, 339

situational factors, 339–340

people, concern for, 333, 334f

Subject Index

515

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

---

perception

attribution and, 273

defined, 272

individual behavior and, 272–273

selective, 272, 272f

stereotyping and, 272–273, 272f

performance appraisal, 237–239

defined, 237

errors in, 238–239

feedback, 239–240

graphic rating scales for, 238f

methods of, 237–238

performance behaviors, 282

performance measurement, 433

performance-to-outcome expectancy, 300

performing stage of development, 401–402,

401f

personal digital technology, 374–375

personality

“Big Five” model of, 264–266, 265f

defined, 264

emotional intelligence (EQ) and, 268

individual behavior and, 264–268,

265f

Myers-Briggs framework of, 266–267

personality clash, 410

personal resources, 143

personal traits, creativity and, 280

person-job fit, 263

personnel. See human resource management

(HRM)

person-role conflict, 403

persuasion, 349

philanthropic giving, 50

physical demands, stress and, 275

physical work environment, 42

physiological needs, 296, 296f

piece-rate incentive plan, 311

planned change, 195

planning

defined, 6

management process and, 7f

organizational goals and, 67–70

planning process, 67–70, 68f

operational planning, 84–89, 85t

tactical planning, 83–84

policy, 85t, 86

political behavior

defined, 348

impression management as, 349–350

managing, 350–351

in organizations, 348–351

types of, 349

political-legal dimension

defined, 38

of general environment, 38–39

pooled interdependence, 171

Porter-Lawler extension of expectancy theory,

301, 301f

portfolio management techniques, 79

position power, 337

positive affectivity, 271

positive reinforcement, 304

postaction control, 436

power

coercive, 331

defined, 329

expert, 331

leadership and, 329–331

legitimate, 329

need for, 299

referent, 331

reward, 330

Pregnancy Discrimination Act, 227t

preliminary control, 434–435, 435f

preparation stage of creativity, 280

Prince, The (Machiavelli), 11, 267

process consultation, 208

process innovations, 211–212

process layouts, 463, 463f

process perspectives on motivation, 299–304

defined, 299

equity theory, 302

expectancy theory, 299–301, 300f

goal-setting theory, 302–304, 303f

procurement, 471

product champion, 214

product departmentalization, 166

product innovations, 211, 212

production, concern for, 333, 334f

production management. See operations

management

productivity

defined, 479

forms of, 479

importance of, 479–480

improving, 481–482

levels of, 479

managing, 478–482

meaning of, 479

quality and, 474–475

trends, 480–481, 481f

product layout, 463, 463f

product life cycle, 75–76, 76f

product-service mix, 462

profit sharing, 314

program, 85, 85t

programmed decision, 101

project, 85, 85t

psychological contract, 262–263, 263f