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systems, materials arrive just as they are needed. JIT therefore helps an organization
control its raw materials inventory by reducing the amount of space it must devote to
storage.
First popularized by the Japanese, the JIT system reduces the organization’s invest-
ment in storage space for raw materials and in the materials themselves. Historically,
manufacturers built large storage areas and filled them with materials, parts, and supplies
that would be needed days, weeks, and even months in the future. A manager using the
JIT approach orders materials and parts more often and in smaller quantities, thereby
reducing investment in both storage space and actual inventory. The ideal arrangement
is for materials to arrive just as they are needed—or just in time.
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Recall our example about the small firm that assembles stereo speakers for Honda and
delivers them three times a day, making it unnecessary for Honda to carry large quanti-
ties of the speakers in inventory. In an even more striking example, Johnson Controls
makes automobile seats for Mercedes and ships them by small truckloads to a Mercedes
plant 75 miles away. Each shipment is scheduled to arrive two hours before it is needed.
Clearly, the JIT approach requires high levels of coordination and cooperation between
the company and its suppliers. If shipments arrive too early, Mercedes has no place to
store them. If they arrive too late, the entire assembly line may have to be shut down,
resulting in enormous expense. When properly designed and used, the JIT method con-
trols inventory very effectively.
MANAGING TOTAL QUALITY
Quality and productivity have become major determinants of business success or failure
today and are central issues in managing organizations. But, as we will see, achieving
higher levels of quality is not an easy accomplishment. Simply ordering that quality be
improved is about as effective as waving a magic wand.
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The catalyst for its emergence
as a mainstream management concern was foreign business, especially Japanese. And
nowhere was it more visible than in the auto industry. During the energy crisis in the
late 1970s, many people bought Toyotas, Hondas, and Nissans because they were more
fuel-efficient than U.S. cars. Consumers soon found, however, that not only were the
Japanese cars more fuel-efficient, but they also were of higher quality than U.S. cars.
Parts fit together better, the trim work was neater, and the cars were more reliable.
Thus, after the energy crisis subsided, Japanese cars remained formidable competitors
because of their reputation for quality.
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